Home Mortgage Loan Essay Example for Free

Home Mortgage Loan EssayShopping roughly for the best mortgage is a process similar to the acquisition of any other product. A borrower should first shop around for the best bestow, then equalize the terminations, rates and costs being offered. Finally, the borrower should negotiate for the most advantageous deal. The first step is to obtain information from various loaners. It is important to be aware of the unalike types of lenders, such as banks, mortgage companies and credit unions. The terms of the mortgage may vary with the type of change institution. As such it is advisable to consider several(prenominal) institutions. It is also important to determine whether or not the soul or institution being dealt with is acting as a lender or a broker, and the nature of compensation paid to the person or institution. This is because brokers are often paid fees other than those paid to the lender. The borrower should consider both the interest rate and the excess fees being ch arged. If the additional cost of paying points is too high, the lower interest rate will not necessarily result in a demote financial deal.The second step is to compare the important cost information from the various lending institutions. The borrower should always keep in mind the desired meat of a down payment, and should use this as a basis to research the costs that will be involved in the loan. The loan inwardness, loan term and type of loan should be clarified in order to enable the borrower to compare the information. The borrower should also consider the nature of the rates offered, and whether it is an adjustable-rate loan.Another point to pass is the annual percentage rate of the loan. This is in order to better consider the yearly rate of the points, fees and other credit charges. Other factors to compare acknowledge the lenders requirements for a down payment, and any special programs offered by the lender. Next, the borrower should negotiate for the best deal. Lend ers and brokers often offer different consumers with the same qualifications different prices for the same loan terms.These differences can often be attributed to the amount of compensation kept by the loan officers and brokers. One negotiation tactic is to ask the lender or broker to reduce or waive certain fees or to lower the number of points for the loan. Borrowers should be wary of lenders or brokers who appear to lower or waive whizz fee while raising another fee or increasing points. Finally, when the borrower is satisfied with the negotiated terms, it is often advisable for the borrower to obtain a lock-in from the lender or broker.This lock-in should include the agreed rate, period and number of points to be paid. When obtaining a mortgage, a borrower should first educate himself as to the terms, rates and costs offered by a variety of lending institutions. He or she should then compare the important costs for the transaction. The borrower should then negotiate for the bes t deal. By taking the time to follow this process, a person will not only be more educated as to the nature of their mortgage, but they may also save a considerable amount of money.

Gap Year After Graduation Essay Example for Free

Gap Year After Graduation EssayNowadays, students leaving uplifted school regularly travel, do voluntary work or a job in a cranny year before going on to higher education. Undoubtedly, students occupy various benefits from experiments in gap year. It is app arent that afterward rigorous terms, a gap year which students possibly travel, volunteer society or do temporary work before deciding to join in higher education stimulates positively their practical and adaptive capability. Initially, those dynamic activities possibly enhance empirical ability of youngsters who conduceively acquire knowledge during high school. In evidence, learners feasibly comprehend miracles of foreign languages when they practice experimentally via travelling or voluntary work in abroad. More significantly, not only can a gap year improves practical ability but also enhances communication skill through youngsters real factual experiences. Only by adapting to a changeable and flexible environment can students expend their personal skill and learn how to communicate effectively. Accordingly, a period time which students perform them after high school period effects advantageously to their practical and soft skill.That the young experience in gap year is not only a ace platforms which help them choose higher education form but also a chance to become more mature. A gap year with weighty considerations cumulated by real experiments justifies what kind of higher education they are advisedly appropriate for. The young who are able to apply into universities and passionate studying ripe knowledge identify accurately their choice. Nevertheless, others who are appropriate for practicing in actual life-time also ascertain that their selection is vocation.Additionally, facing to challenge of real life leads them to be awareness profoundly of the changing world. Hardly can the young be mature when they always are protected carefully by parents and are not responsible for themselves. B riefly, a gap year is precious chances which support the young identify what they real want. Therefore, challenge in real life which students pass in a gap year is also valuable experiments for developing in the future.

Effects of Nutribullet Processing on Glycemic Response

personal make of Nutribullet Processing on Glycemic ResponseThe major results from the model study show that treat a variety of harvest-times with the Nutribullet has had beneficial effectuate on the postprandial glycemic response in legal subjects. We sight that later the ingestion of the Nutribullet mixed yield treatment, on average the subjects maximum glycemic growing was only 0.4mmol/L, in resemblance to the maximum increment of 1.3mmol/L after the ingestion of entire mixed breakput.In contrast, processing mango tree with the Nutribullet showed to cast no added beneficial effects on postprandial glycemic response in comparison to the ingestion of whole mango. After the ingestion of the Nutribullet processed mango the maximum glycemic increment was 0.9mmol/L, comp bed to the maximum increment of 0.8mmol/L in the whole mango group. Although the processing of mango did not remove the same effects seen for the mixed fruit group, these results are still square(p) be cause they demonstrate that the domestic processing mango alone and processing a variety of fruits together does not increase their GI as previously thought. In fact, the results of the present study demonstrate that Nutribullet processing a combination of fruits favorably flattens the postprandial glycemic response which is in conflict with the current recommendations for diabetics to avoid fruit smoothies.As mentioned earlier, these recommendations are formed on the assumption that the majority of fibre in fruit juice and smoothies has either been withdraw or broken down. Although there is substantial evidence supporting the link between the consumption of fruit juice and the increased risk of T2DM (Muraki et al, 2013 Bolton et al, 1981 Haber et al, 1977), there appears to be a sparse amount of inquiry investigating the effects of domestic tout ensembley blending fruits on glucose metabolism. Although, there is one study to our knowledge that has investigated the impact of whole fruit, fibre-disrupted pure and fruit juice (Haber et al, 1977). The authors inform that plasma glucose rose to mistakable levels after the consumption all three meals. However, they suggested the removal of fibre from food or the physical disruption of fibre, could lead to middling higher postprandial glycemic responses. Indeed the cellular structure of fruit is important and potentially informs the results of the present study because unlike fruit juice, the fibre was not removed during the Nutribullet processing. Interestingly, evidence from a recent investigation showed that commercial smoothies which cook gone through a homogenization process still contained high concentrations of intact fruit cells (Chu et al, 2017). However, we must appreciate that the process of homogenization is completely contrary to domestic food processing and therefore, it could be argued that perhaps domestic processing would elicit different outcomes with regards to fibre content. Although a r ecent study reported that the concentrations of insoluble and soluble fibre were the same in both domestically blended mango fruit and high hydrostatic pressurized mango (Elizondo-Monte whitethornor et al, 2015). Therefore, this evidence signifies that the processing of fruits, with a domestic blender does not completely breakdown the fibre. This may go on to explain why the present study did not observe a sharp peak in blood glucose fol subalterning the consumption of Nutribullet treatments, in comparison to studies which have ascertained postprandial hyperglycemia due to the consumption of fruit juice where the fibre is absent (Bolton et al, 1981). Although the results of the present study may be in composition attributable to the presence of regimenary fibre inwardly the treatments, some(prenominal) other parameters have also been identified to affect the absorption of glucose. These parameters include the viscosity of the fruit and other properties of fibre, such as solubil ity and s puff uping capacity.Effects of fibre on carbohydrate absorptionFibre can be classified as either soluble or insoluble, characterized by how they react in aqueous solutions. Insoluble fibre includes lignin, cellulose and m either hemicelluloses. These fibres make up the cellular-wall structure of fruits and vegetables. When consumed together with foods, these fibres set as bulking agents and also increase intestinal transit time. Water-soluble fibre comprises hemicelluloses, and many polysaccharides, such as pectin. These fibres are characterized by their high water-holding capacity, also several of them are highly viscous in solution (Wursch et al, 1997). Pectins are constituents of the primary cell wall and intercellular layer of plant cells. They are insoluble in unripe fruit, yet become more water-soluble as the fruit ripens. Lastly, they have large water-holding capacity and form gels in aqueous solutions.Within the scientific community, it has been acknowledged that the presence of certain dietary fibres influences the digestion and absorption of CHO within the small intestine, resulting in a reduced and levelled off glycemic response. Importantly, this effect has been shown in both profound and T2DM subjects (Jenkins et al, 2002 Anderson et al, 1994). It has widely been reported that viscous soluble fibre are most effective in improving glycemic operate on by reducing the postprandial glycemic response, in comparison to insoluble fibres (Jenkins et al, 1978 Elizondo-Montemayor et al, 2015). In contrast, it has also been established that when the viscosity of fibre in several products has been reduced through varied processing techniques then the simplification in blood glucose peak is attenuated (Wursch et al, 1997), signifying that both the solubility and viscosity of the fibre is directly linked to the attenuation of blood glucose. Due to the growing kitty-cat of scientific evidence linking the consumption soluble fibre with a flattened glycemic response, several theories have been developed to explain what machines in the small intestine may be causing the modulation of the glycemic response.One mechanism suggested is a slow rate of gastric emptying. It is thought that due to the water-holding capacity of soluble fibre, a resulting delayed gastric emptying and transit time through the small intestine occurs, thereby resulting in a reduced rate of CHO absorption (Benini et al, 1995 Cherbut et al, 1995 Ou et al, 2001). Another proposed mechanism is that the ingestion of soluble fibre increases the viscosity in the small intestine resulting in a reduced mixing effect of peristalsis, consequently reducing the digestion of CHO by pancreatic alpha-amylase and in turn causing a delayed diffusion of CHO to the intestinal mucosa (Cherbut et al, 1994 Ou et al, 2001). Lastly, it has also been proposed that the capacity of dietary fibre to bind to glucose may reduce the concentration of available glucose in the small intes tine, resulting in reduced digestion and absorption of glucose (Ou et al, 2001).Considering all this, a theory has been developed to further explain the results observed in the present study for the Nutribullet mixed fruit treatment. The theory is that the banana used within the mixed fruit treatment is potentially the main fruit influencing the postprandial glycemic responses. As previously mentioned, the ripeness of fruits is a major influencing factor on the concentrations of soluble and insoluble fibre. Recall from the methodology in the present study that all of the fruit was freshly purchased within days of the clutch trial. Therefore, it is highly probable that the banana included in the mixed fruit trial was unripe as they were refrigerated for no more than 2 days. This theory is based on the evidence that unripe or less(prenominal)-ripe bananas contain higher concentrations of yucky starch, in comparison to over-ripe bananas. Resistant starch has been found to be more slo wly digested in humans by alpha-amylase thereby causing a flattened glycemic response due to the reduced availability of glucose (Wolever et al, 1990 Hermansen et al, 1992). From all of this information we have established that dietary fibre is still present in fruits which have been domestically blended, also we have discussed some of the mechanisms potentially causing the effects fibre has on glycemic response. The next question at hand is whether Nutribullet processing effects the refined sugar content of fruit. It has been proposed that foods containingEffects of Nutribullet processing on the composition of mango and mixed fruit carbohydrates The content of simple sugars was frown per portion of mango (11.8g) and mixed fruits (15.7g) after Nutribullet processing, compared to whole mango (16.5g) and whole mixed fruits (24.9) (Table 3). Recall for the methodology in the present study that we calculated specific servings of each fruit to give 25g of sugar per serving among the who le fruit and Nutribullet treatments. Due to this it was hypothesized that HPLC analysis would reveal that the sugar content of the whole fruit treatments would be similar, if not lower, compared to the sugar content of the Nutribullet treatments. Previous work has suggested that processing fruits, through homogenization, can cause losses in cell integrity, thus resulting in the release of simple sugars from compartmentalized structures and non-covalent links (Elizondo-Montemayor et al, 2015). On the contrary, this was not observed in the present study.When comparing the total sugar content of both mango treatments to the observed postprandial glycemic responses (Figure 1), there is a discrepancy where the extrapolated IAUC for both mango treatments do not correlate with the sugar content revealed through HPLC analysis. For example, from figure 1 we can see that both mango treatments had a very similar postprandial glycemic response, yet HPLC analysis would suggest that the whole man go treatment should have had a higher glycemic response. Although this was not the case, signifying that errors in the HPLC methodology are potentially causing these results. For example, upon completion of the HPLC testing, it was regrettably found that several tubes containing various mango treatments still had remaining supernatant within them. This of course would explain the varied sugar content between the mango treatments and reflects that the investigators had varied pipetting skills.Regarding the mixed fruit HPLC results, the total sugar content of both mixed fruit treatments seem to correlate well with the postprandial glycemic responses (Figure 1). In addition, the mixed fruit Nutribullet contained half the sugar content compared to the whole fruit treatment. As discussed earlier, the potential mechanisms associated soluble fibre may explain why the Nutribullet treatment revealed to have a lower sugar content. For example, the fibre may have bound to the glucose molecules reducing the available glucose in the small intestine, thus resulting in the attenuation of postprandial glycemic response. An in vitro digestion model, designed to mimic the in vivo situation, was able to determine the glucose content within supernatant by mixing 1g of resistant starch or soluble fibre with 100ml of glucose solution, then incubating the mixture in a water bath (37C) for 6 hours, followed by centrifuging (Ou et al, 2001). The authors reported that the solutions which had added fibre contained less glucose within the supernatant, signifying that the fibre had binding potential to glucose.On the other hand, it is important to consider that the HPLC results for the mixed fruit treatments may also be subject to errors within the methodology. For example, looking at Table 4, there is high relative deviation amongst the whole fruit samples, yet not amongst the Nutribullet samples. This requests that there was low precision during the step of whole fruit samples. Again, perhaps due to the low level of skill among the investigators with regards to the pipetting, syringing and filtration of supernatant. Considering all of these limitations, the results obtained from HPLC analysis provide little relevance and impact to the present study. operable Implications of the results The fact that both the whole fruit and Nutribullet treatments elicited a low GI and specifically that the mixed fruit Nutribullet treatment showed a significantly lower GI (figure 2) has important clinical implications for both healthy and T2DM subjects. A relatively recent Cochrane review which was based on 11 randomized controlled trials, reported that glycemic control in T2DM subjects was improved significantly following a low GI diet, compared to those on a high GI diet (Thomas et al, 2009). In addition, a low GI diet elicited significant reductions in glycated hemoglobin A1c (0.5%) which are comparable to reductions usually found through medications for recently diagnosed T2D M patients (Holman, 1995 Holman, 1999). Furthermore, improvements in A1c of this size have been linked with the reduced risk of diabetes-related microvascular complications, such as retinopathy (Stratton, 2000). With regards to healthy subjects, diets containing low GI foods have been associated with reductions in body weight, improvements in lipid profile and a decreased risk of T2DM and cardiovascular disease (Jenkins et al, 2011 Barclay et al, 2008 Van Dam et al, 2000). Overall, as the Nutribullet does not appear increase their GI of commonly eaten fruits, both healthy and T2DM subjects could potentially benefit from this method of food preparation by improving glycemic control. Although as the results from the present study are novel, more research is needed before any conclusions can be drawn with regards to the safety and effectiveness of recommending that diabetics can consume fruit smoothies.Study limitations There are some limitations within the methodology of the present s tudy that should be mentioned. Firstly, the present study employed only one reference trial. Recommendations are that the reference food (glucose) trial should be repeated at least once to minimise the variation of mean GI values (Wolever et al, 1991, 2002). For example, a simulation study carried out by Wolever et al (2003) found that the border of error of the estimation of mean GI was reduced significantly from one to two reference measurements. Secondly, we were unable to enforce a strict standardization of diet and physical activity 24 hours prior to the test days which may reduce the reproducibility of the results. An ideal example would be that the subjects consumed a meal of their survival prior to the overnight fast and then would have been required to repeat that same meal before each trial. Thirdly, the results may be subject to plectrum bias as the participants included in the mixed fruit trials were also the investigators of the study and randomization was not used. In addition, due to the 10% drop out rate, it is possible that the degree of statistical power and precision was reduced as recommendations are that glycemic trials include a minimum of 10 participants (Brouns et al, 2005). Although, several strengths include the appropriate use of a repeated measures design which ensures less individual differences and allows the inclusion of fewer participants. Another strength is that the protocol closely followed evidence-based recommendations.ConclusionIn conclusion, our results indicate the consumption of a variety of fruits including banana, mango, passion fruit, kiwi, raspberry and pineapple have a low GI and that processing these fruits with a Nutribullet generated further benefits, such as a significantly lower GI and a more favorable glycemic response. A higher proportion of the subjects presented a low GI for both of the Nutribullet treatments. These results are in conflict with current recommendations to restrict or avoid fruit smoothie s. However, much evidence has indicated that the fibre content of fruit is still present after domestic and commercial processing treatments. More so, the evidence suggests that the presence of fibre within the processed fruit is still potentially having several beneficial effects on the postprandial glycemic response, such slowing gastric emptying and reducing the amount of available glucose through binding mechanisms. These results could potentially have clinical implications for healthy and T2DM subjects who include these fruits in their diet. However, more research is needed 1. to determine if these effects are reproducible and 2. to determine the safety of diabetics consuming different fruit treatments produced by Nutribullet and/or other domestic appliances. Future research should further investigate the potential mechanisms involved with Nutribullet blending and how they are causing an altered glycemic response.

Friction Experiment: Design and Results

crash Experiment Design and ResultsEXPERIMENT 37FrictionI. IntroductionWhatever action you do whether it is walking, driving, or when any 2 surfaces meet there is skirmish between them. Friction opposes the applied staff office to an object lens and opposes the interrogative of an object. In many of the research laboratorys in this course we try to minimize it or neglect it in the lab, solely it is there. When we use the air track, the clash is dramatically reduced due to the air cushion under the air car so the car stays in motion for an extended period of time, but it still chits. Or in the case of an oscillating object, we ignore the slowing of the oscillation, but it still slows down and stops. The actual cause of skirmish is complex atomic interaction but, the simple idea of grinding is atoms rubbing against each other, adsorbing energy from the motion.Friction is a bear on it prevents an object from lamentable or changes the motion of an object. This lab get ou t cover cardinal types of skirmish, nonoperational crash and kinetic friction. Static friction is a push up that resists motion so that the surfaces are not in motion relative to each other. The maximum amount of force applied to the pin, at the instant in advance the obturate moves, is referred to as the maximum static friction force, f S Max. one(a) example of this type of friction is walking.Once enough force is applied to the system to overcome the static friction force, it starts to move. When the obstruction is moving against the surface, then the friction force is called the kinetic friction force, f k. Kinetic friction appears when the two surfaces are sliding relative to each other. One example of this type of friction is pushing a file cabinet across the floor.In this lab you will pull a weighted block across the table and amount of money the force it takes to start moving the block (just an instant before it moves) and while the block is moving across the tabl e. The forces in this lab are many, the block exerts a force on the table, the table exerts a force on the block ( fN ). And the earth exerts a force on the block (mg) and the block exerts a force on the earth. This experiment will consider the room and table as stationary objects and therefore having no accelerating force on them, then the net force on the stationary block isfnet = 0 (1).The force of the block on the table is equal to the force of the block on the earth, weight or mg,mg fN = fNet (2) thusmg = fN (3). look 1 Diagram of two blocks one stationary and one moving. The stationary object is held prat by static fraction, while the moving object is acted on by friction and apulling force.The static friction force acts equal and mated to the pulling force, as the pulling force increases the static friction force increases, resulting in no motion. Sometimes the pulling force will increases and it will pass the static friction and the block will begin to move. The point of maximum force is called maximum static force, f SMax. An observation about static friction is that maximum static friction f SMax is proportional to the normal force, fN, through a incessant s, f SMax = s fN. (4)The s term is referred to as the coefficient of static friction. This means as the normal force ( fN ) increases, the maximum force needed to move the block increases in a proportional amount. The coefficient of static friction is drug-addicted on the two surfaces in touch on so different surfaces will squander different coefficients of friction. A second observation about friction is that friction is independent of the size of the contact area between the two solid surfaces, which means the same force spread over different areas still would have the same force of friction.Kinetic friction like static friction is a retarding force exerted on a sliding object in contact with a surface. When the object is sliding with a constant velocity the force of friction is equal to the pulling force. It follows the same equation as static friction but the relationship between kinetic friction and the normal force has a different coefficient. The coefficient is referred to as the kinetic coefficient of friction k.fk = k fN. (5)Kinetic friction also does not change when the surface area of the two surfaces changes. You will be measuring both static and kinetic friction forces in this lab and you should find that the kinetic friction is usually lower that the maximum static friction.II. Equipment and ProcedureIIa. Equipment Force demodulator, block, motion detector, laptop PC, 750 interface, friction surface aka table, string, pulley, weights and weight hanger.Figure 2 Equipment setup of the friction experiment.The hanging mass will pull the force demodulator with a mass, while the motion sensor will measure the displacement of the force sensor. Once the hanging mass force exceeds the friction force, the force sensor will move, and the motion sensor will measur e the displacement. The moving force sensor will have a velocity measured by the data processor, and the net force on the force sensor will be measured.IIb. ProcedureThe mass of the block and force sensor needs to be measured so that the total mass of the block/force sensor on the table nookie be determined.Hook the motion sensor and the force sensor to the 750 interface box and hook the interface box to the laptop. The force sensor is measuring the force exerted on the block while the motion sensor will measure the change in distance of the block. Turn on the computer and 750 interface, start the Data Studio program and create an experiment. Select a digital port and add the motion sensor to the experiment. Double click on the motion sensor to open the settings of the motion sensor, set the frequency rate to 25 Hz and close the window. Drag the motion sensor icon in the upper left to the graph icon in the lower left. Go to an analog port on the 750 interface box and add the force sensor to the experiment, double click on the force sensor to open the sensor settings, set the frequency to a minimum of 500 Hz. Drag the force sensor icon in the upper left to the lower left graph icon. One reminder is to hit the tare button every time before you run an experiment. This action resets the force sensor to zero Newtons before each run.Static Friction Experiment agency oneStart the experiment, tare the force sensor.Add the hanger and add weight incrementally. As you try more runs use smaller masses for your increment.Keep adding weight until the block starts to move.Once the mass moves, stop the experiment.Repeat the experiment 6 times to get an average value and transact standard deviation (SD) on your values.Kinetic Friction Experiment part twoStart the experiment, tare the force sensor.Pull the force sensor using the string to make the block move.Once the block is moving at a constant velocity, this will indicate what force is needed to match the kinetic frictio n.Plot the displacement vs. time from the motion sensor. Fit the curve to a elongated function to show that the block has a uniform velocity.Repeat the experiment 6 times to get an average value and perform SD shift analysis.Kinetic Friction Experiment part threeStart the experiment and tare the force sensor.Add the mass required to move the block with degree Celsius grams extra.The block will start to move with an accelerating velocity, if not add an extra 50 grams until it does. The plot of the position vs. time will determine if the block is accelerating. forefront What should the plot look like if the block is accelerating?Once a run is complete with the block accelerating along the table, stop the experiment.Plot the displacement vs. time from the motion sensor. Fit the curve to a quadratic function to find the acceleration of the block.Repeat the experiment 6 times to get an average value and perform SD error analysis.III. DataThe graph of the force vs. time or determines t he maximum value of the force. The maximum force is the static friction force.In part two (kinetic friction), drag the block at a uniform velocity. The plot of time vs. displacement will clearly identify the linear motion. Use a linear formula to fit the curve if necessary. Measure the force on the block when it is moving.In part three (kinetic friction), drag the block with an accelerating force and generate a plot time vs. displacement in a graph. Fit the curve to a quadratic formula and determine the acceleration of the block. The acceleration of the block is employ to determine the net force on the block. The net force on the block is the difference between the force of the mass hanging down and the force of friction holding it back. One reminder is the displacement of a moving object is related to the acceleration through equation (6).= (6)IV. ResultsCalculate the coefficient of static friction of the block, from the force exerted on the block and the mass and force of the blo ck on the table. Calculate the SD from the values obtained in the experiment.Calculate the kinetic friction force from the two different methods. First calculate the kinetic friction from the constant velocity of the moving block. The force need to move the block at a constant velocity is equal to the kinetic friction force. Calculate the SD from the values obtained in the experiment. Second calculate the kinetic friction difference from the accelerating block from the hanging force and the resultant force on the block. The mass of the block is known and the acceleration of the block is measured from the curve fit. The net force on the block preempt then be determined. The hanging force is known from mass times gravity (mg) and from that the force of kinetic friction can be calculated.V. DiscussionWhat are values of the static and kinetic friction?Are the two values of kinetic friction similar? Are the kinetic friction values inside the standard deviation?What happens when a slidin g object has the pulling force reduced below the kinetic fiction force? How much force will it take to get it moving again?Is there a there large distribution in the values of static and kinetic friction? If so why?What would happen to the value of friction if the mass of the block is doubled?Is a wheel rolling, static or kinetic friction?Why cant static friction be less that kinetic friction? Discuss the implication of this.

Looking At The Child Protection System Social Work Essay

Looking At The Child Protection System Social Work EssayThe literature looks previous and existing literature on how impressive the local anesthetic authorities argon at promoting the contains of down(p) African kidskinren and their families who ar involved in the electric shaver security system system. In previous geezerhood there have been deaths of African children much(prenominal) Victoria Climbie and khyra Ishaq. in that location have similarly been deaths of other African children in Britain linked to witchcraft. A motion echoed by the majority of the literature is that if kind expire practice and policy is to prevent these tragedies there is admit to understand and ac intimacy different contexts of culture and diversity. The main theme is how to provide social hightail it interventions and family support that argon culturally sensitive and competent to both children and their families who are at risk of significant harm. There is need for social work profession al to understand parenting practices in African families and protect children hence every child matters was implemented. The laming report (2009) set out challenges faced safe-conducting children such as, training and workforce issues still need to be resolved and information systems need to be improved and there is still need improve friendship and skills to understand children and their family circumstances. as well as the laming report n whizd that despite the progress in inter-agency work there are still problems of day to day reality of working across organisational boundaries and culture, sharing information and lack of feedback when professionals raise concerns about a child.In this literature review I exit be focusing on gloomy African children and their families analysing their experiences of the child protection system that have come to live in united kingdom and how the children are protected in the child protection arena. I will be paying attention to key themes and struggles in research, validity and generalisability of data, gaps in research and future implications to practice. I will be using the term black African throughout the review of literature however I recognise that there are different races in Africa who part the same culture and beliefs.Literature searchMaterial employ for the literature reviewed varies I included journals searched online, books from the library and articles from the internet and material published by the government. As I searched the online journals and books I discovered there was little material about my chosen topic and scarce research on the topic of the ask of black African children and child protection children. Most studies and literature focused on black and nonage ethnics and mixed parentage children hence the proportion of black African children can be over-represented in these studies and the data cannot be generalised easily to the wider population. There is need for professionals to have know ledge about the identity and diversity of black African children and their families because Britain has seen an enormous growth of African mountain due globalisation and other environmental factors such as war, famine and work opportunities. However not all children from African families get involved in the child protection system.Review of the literatureResearch data and statistics on African black children are not constant and highlight mis-representations. According to the 2001 census the population of black African people was 0.8%. However, these statistics are from 2001 and the populations could have increased due to migration and the 2011 census will offer more than up to date statistics. Also not everyone registers for the census especially black and minority people who are isolated and who do not have any immigration locating might shy away from the census in fear of deportation. The department for education and skills (2006) estimated the number of African children in nee d to be 8000 in 2005. this accounted for 3% of the overall total- an over-representation compared with the 2001 census in which African children made up 1.4% of the population. Research highlights the over-representation of the African children and their families involved in the child protection system for example, data of African children is combined with afro-Caribbean children and ethnic minority children- statistical data from British children represented 5% of the children on the child protection register in 2005, but census data 2001, black or black children made up 3% of the total population (national statistics, 2003). Research data continues to indicate that black communities are disproportionately represented across social welfare statistics ( graham, 2006 vitamin B et al 1997).Britain has experienced a massive increase in population due to people coming into Britain for better lifestyles, escaping war, famine, torture and looking for better job opportunities. Britain has experience a rise in the number of people claiming asylum and some of them are solitary asylum seeking children. When looking at experiences of black African children and their families and how to offer them appropriate intervention it is important to bed diversity in terms of religion, culture, language and beliefs (Bernard and gupta 2008 gibbs and huang 2003 robinson 2007).Research has shown that black families black African communities and ethnic communities are credibly to live in poverty. There is fountainhead documented literature on social exclusion and poverty experienced by black African children which also is inclined to impact on the parenting abilities of parents. Also looking at histories and backgrounds of black African families is which add to poverty is also highlighted in research, (Bernard and gupta 2008 gibbs and huang 2003 robinson 2007). Research has shown some of the factors that affect African children and their families such as sequestered fostering and asylum seeking, HIV/AIDS, poverty- highlighting grief, loss and separation, (Bernard and gupta 2008).Review of the research suggest that black African children are almost twice as likely to be looked after, however some of these children will be accommodated under section 20 of the children act 1989 due to creation unaccompanied asylum seeking children (Bernard and gupta 2008 robinson 2007 barn 1993). Jones 2001, highlights the conflict between the children act 1989 and immigration legislation and policy and Jones argues that social work profession singularly failed to provide hypercritical scrutiny on the status and dealingship of immigration and child care law and the erosion of childrens rights. The number of refugee children arriving in uk is arising annually and the vulnerability of refugee children has legal, emotional and practical aspects (woodcock, 2003 chase, 2009). There is substantial separate to indicate that many refugee children and young people from different cul tures manifest symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health problems (Hodes, 2000, 2002 Ehntholt and Yule, 2006 Dyregrov and Yule, 2006).Research on social work with unaccompanied children is limited (kohli and mather 2003). Research also states that there is risk of alienating black children in care by not meeting their emotional and psychological needs due to no contact with community with same culture, family and lack of black workers (bran et al 1997 pg 9). However, available research data paint a complex and conflicting picture and data is combined with other minority ethnic childrenAnalysis of literature draws attention to that the way black African families parent their children and their daily lives had been overleap in many studies in child welfare literature and there is little empirical evidence especially about African parenting in Britain (Bernard, 2002 graham 2006). Research has looked at cultural values and how they influence parenting i n African families involved with the child protection system (brophy et al 2003). Literature highlights that there is need to look at kin-ship and extended families. Family structures have been changed due to globalisation, war and other social factors. There is few research data on impact of culture, gender ideology, socio-economic status and religious belief influencing parenting and also notions of what constitutes harmful behaviour. The few data that exist states that cultural practices appear to play some part in African children being involved in the child protection system, (mama 2004). Barn et al 2006 challenge popular myth and stereotype that some cultural groups have more punitive punishment practices. They found no significant differences between ethnic groups with regard to physical punishment of children-thoburn et al 2005 pg 83 agree. Nobes and smith 1997s study of physical punishment by parents found physical punishment was universal in the 99 two parent families an d Thompson et al 2002 found that 67 mothers in untried forest are of England reported diverse behaviour management tactics and mothers who used physical punishment reported less behavioural problems in their children than mothers used reasoning. This supports the challenge the stereotypes that cultural groups have more punitive punishment practices because the majority of the above studies involved parenting by white culture in the United Kingdom. Studies on parenting by other black and ethnic cultures are scarce and there is need for research. A growing body of literature emphasises the importance of appreciating the social contexts of parenting and lived experiences of African children for making sense of child maltreatment (Holland 2004, Robinson 2007).Black perspective is based on the notion of common experiences that black people in Britain component and it is critical of oppressive research paradigm and theoretical formulations that have a potential oppressive effect on blac k people, (Robinson 2007). An understanding of black frame of name and address will enable social work professionals to come up with more accurate and comprehensive assessments of African black children involved with the child protection system, (Robinson 2007). ecological perspective is important in analysis of impacts of poverty, discrimination, immigration and social isolation on black and minority children (gibbons and huang 2003 pg 3). However there is the danger of over-generalisation and stereotyping because individual members of a culture may vary greatly from the pattern that is typical within that culture (Robinson 1998)Research argues that postmodern theories have gained a strong foothold in the profession of social work (pease and fook 1999 learnard 1997). However Their tenets have been strongly contested by those demanding a more complex understanding of identity, i.e., one that links the own(prenominal) with the structural or collective elements of human existence al ongside the individual ones (Dominelli 2002 graham 2002) and those drawing on the idea that what holds people together are what they share in common or their sameness (Badiou 2001). The lack of appropriate preventative suppoirt servives and lack of understanding of cultural of black families often result in social work operating against the interests of black children (barn 1993, graham 2002)Anti-discriminatory perspectives and incorporation of knowledge from service usersSocial workers contribute to the perpetuation of oppression through their practice by immediately or indirectly engaging in structural oppression its institutional and cultural forms that are integral elements in the ways in which social relations in a globalising world have been organised, (dominelli 2007). Key to eliminating structural forms of racism is that of addressing the issue of binary dyads that reaffirm racist dynamics rather than challenging them. Nonetheless, underground to its perpetuation is eviden t in many of the responses by service users and practitioners. Social work educators and practitioners have much more to contribute to the elimination of oppression. (dominelli 2007). Social work has operated within a problem oriented framework which is characterised by deficit and dysfunctional theories of black families (Robinson 2008). Dominelli (1992) argues that black children and families are over-represented in the controlling aspects of social work and under-represented in the welfare aspects of social work.Problems with communication and working in partnership have been highlighted in literature. Fifty-four young people participated in the research. Chase, 2009 study-The majority (80 per cent) of participants were determine through a single London local Authority, Young people often described complex relationships with social workers and other social care professionals and were also more mistrustful of the interplay between social care and immigration services Hellen, from Ethiopia, saidSometimes they dont understand you when you are sad. They keep asking you questions. It makes me angry, it makes me want to shout. It makes me think back all the bad things and they dont understand that. If they ask me (questions) I will suffer for months. The positioning of social workers within the asylum system is a difficult one to negotiate. They are expected to apply social care principles such as the best interests of the child, yet work within very clear organisational boundaries and regulatory codes-frequently set by resource and funding limitations.The Climbie inquiry (laming 2003) highlights the challenges faced by local authorities when developing information-sharing indexes for keeping insight of the children who are on the margins of society and whose lives are characterised by transitions. Literature highlights some of the challenges for social work assessing and making decisions about African children and families whose cultures differ from the major ity white population (brophy et al 2003, laming 2003)The fear of being seen as a racist combined with cultural stereotypes can slip away to a failure to make judgements and intervene appropriately regarding practices that are harmful (burman et al 2004 study)Whilst their views should form part of policy related discussions on current topics, respect for childrens rights may still be lacking. Meanwhile, such notions challenge us to take children poorly and to appreciate their contribution to social reproduction and change (Aubrey and Dahl 2006). Lots of research appear to focus on empowerment through cultural knowledge inviting new thinking about the challenges faced by black communitiesRelevance to policy and practiceThe complex social circumstance experiences by many African families pose challenges for parents, children and social work professionals working to safeguard and promote childrens welfareThe framework for assessment of children in need and their families (DoH, 2000) b ased on the ecological get places a requirement on workers to consider families histories and social circumstances and literature of anti-oppressive practice stresses the importance if consideration being paid to power relationships (dlrybple and burke 1995). There must be some understanding of the links between peoples personal experience of pressing and structural reality if inequality pg 123In order to safeguard and promote welfare of African children acknowledgement of sources of discrimination and oppression, a commitment to human rights and social justice must be met. Through developing telling relationships with African children and families can professionals begin to understand their individual, emotional as well as practical needs. Global mobility and consequent changing nature of communities require local authorities to be proactive in gathering information and developing services including interpretation services that are responsive to the needs of African and minority ethnic families. Several authors have critically analysed the evidence on service provision for black families in general. A pathologising approach to black families may lead to unnecessary coercive intervention and on the other hand a cultural relativist approach may lead to a non-intervention when services are indispensable (dominelli 1997, chand 2000). Either way appropriate intervention is not provided for black and ethnic minority children. The quality of services in black communities is a focus for debate and raises important issues about the lack of policy initiatives based upon needs and aspirations of local communities (graham 2002)Subjecting cultural practices to scrutiny is a necessary party of the assessment process of professionals are to achieve better outcomes for children. A balance must be struck between sensitively challenging claims that certain types of behaviour are the norm in African families whilst at the same time not losing sight of childrens welfare needs . By drawing on strengths perspective professionals can illuminate how parents draw on cultures a s a resource to parents in circumstance of adversity whilst not excusing behaviour that is harmful to children. The issue of punishment is one of the most polemical areas relating to black families, child abuse and social work (chand 2000 pg 72)ConclusionThis review has highlighted that multiple social, environmental and parental factors interact in complex ways to choose black African children into the child protection arena. Thus, making professional judgments regarding thresholds of concern for African children poses a major set of challenges and, ultimately, practitioners need the skills, knowledge and conceptual tools to find out between the styles of parenting that differ from those of the majority culture, but which are not necessarily harmful, and parents who seek to justify abusive and neglectful behaviour by drawing on cultural explanations to justify their actions.

The Flawed King in Shakespeares Henry V Essay -- Henry IV Henry V Ess

The Flawed King in Shakespeares total heat V To turn total heat V into a short-change glorifying war or a play condemning war would be to presume Shakespeares intentions too much. He does both of these and more in his recount of the historical battle of Agincourt. Although Shakespeare devotes the play to the events leading to war, he simultaneously gives us insight into the political and private life of a king. It is this unity of two distinct areas that has dour the play into a critical no mans land, acrimoniously contested and periodically disfigured by opposing barrages of intellectual artillery (Taylor 1). One may believe that Henry is the epitome of kingly glory, a disgrace of royalty, or think that Shakespeare himself disliked Henry and attempted to express his moral distaste subtly to his audience. No upshot in which camp 1 rests, Henry V holds relevance for the modern stage. Despite containing contradictions, Henry is also a symbol as he is one person. This unit y of person brings about the victory in the battle of Agincourt.The root word of unity transcends any ambiguity found in Henrys character or motives. This theme is evident in many areas of Henry V, but for the sake of this article, the importance of this theme is discussed between play and audience, and within Henry himself. This production of Henry V proposes that these two aspects be emphasized to show how Shakespeares play has a message for modern theatergoers. The setting and age are left the same, as this adds to the validity of the play.Henry and his army are victorious at the battle of Agincourt. England and France are united, and Henry reigns supreme for the time being. An obstacle to overcome when directing Henry V is that it is approving l... ... and ambiguity. Shakespeare uses the ironies found in the play so that we will remember his plays limits. It cannot produce an ideal, nor can we as an audience. Works CitedBeauman, Sally, ed. The Royal Shakespeare Company s Centenary Production of Henry V. Oxford Pergamon Press, 1976.Bloom, Harold. Shakespeare The plan of the Human. New York Riverhead Books, 1998.Iser, Wolfgang. Staging Politics The Lasting Impact of Shakespeares Histories. New York Columbia University Press, 1993.Shakespeare, William. Henry V. The Norton Shakespeare Histories. Eds. Stephen Greenblatt, Walter Cohen, Jean E. Howard, and Katherine Eisaman Maus. London Norton, 1997. 726-795.Taylor, Gary, ed. Henry V The Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1982.Traversi, D.A. An Approach to Shakespeare. Vol. 1. New York ground Books, 1969.

Character Development In Sense And Sensibility :: essays research papers

Book Review 1Development of Major CharactersSense and impressibilityThe first of Jane Austens published novels, Sense and Sensibility, portrays the life and loves of two very different sisters Elinor and Marianne Dashwood. The contrast between the sisters characters results in their attraction to vastly different men, sparking family and societal dramas that are played out around their contrasting romances. The younger sister, Marianne Dashwood, emerges as one of the novels major characters through her handling and characterization of people, embodying of emotion, relationship with her mother and sisters, openness, and enthusiasm.Marianne is in the jejune business of classifying people- especially men- as romantic or unromantic (Intro II). Mariannes checklist mentality is observed by ElinorWell, Mariannefor one morning I think you build done pretty well. You know what he thinks of Cowper and Scott you are certain of his estimating their beauties as he ought, and you have every a ssurance of his admiring Pope no more than proper. (Chapter 10) To site a specific incident, Marianne describes her opinion of Edward Ferrars- her sisters interest- as being very amiable, nonetheless he is not the kind of man she expects to seriously attach to her sister. She goes on to find, what in her opinion are flaws, that Edward Ferrars reads with brusk feeling or emotion, does not count music highly, and that he enjoys Elinors drawing, yet cannot appreciate it, for he is not an artist (15).In a man, Marianne seeks a lover and a connoisseur, whose tastes coincide with her tastes. He must be open with feelings, read the same books, and be charmed by the same music (15). Marianne seeks a man with all of Edwards virtues, and his soul and manner must ornament his goodness with every possible charm (16). Mariannes mother relates Mariannes maturity beyond her years by reminding Marianne Remember, my love, that you are not seventeen. It is yet too early in life to despair of such an happiness (16). Mariannes brand of free expression sometimes has little else to recommend it (Intro, I). What is true of Mariannes classification system is true of her manners in general In her refusal to place social decorum and propriety above her own impulses and desires, she is absolutely unbending (Intro, II). Marianne is also characterized as being very charming. For example, she believes her poetic effusions to be striking in themselves as well as hi-fi expressions of her inner life (Intro, VII).