Nazism :: essays research papers

I have a hard time thinking that any whiz could believe the Nazis were a moral people. The Nazi people are unparalleled in the level of criminal unjust committed against a group of persons. Nazis all the same did believe they were moral and were justified in their movementions. The idea of Nazism was a way of life and one must think, feel, and act as in the scoop up interest of Nazi beliefs. The moral enroll of the Nazi people was one that followed the idea that Nazis were superior, competent, and pure. The moral code included the idea that those beneath persecution of the Nazis were inferior, less morally sound, and must use their tribulations to correct themselves to become a more loyal citizen of the community. One could classify their actions as racialism and Social Darwinism. The Nazi people believed in filth and in accordance with the history of what happened in concentration camps, cleansing. Harold Ofstad is quoted of saying, The Nazi faith must permeate ones entire be ing, penetrate the very core of ones soul The moral code of the Nazis can be slightly labeled as a mistake of disastrous proportions, a group of people brainwashed from the strong sense of duty to a dictators beliefs, and a stain in history that will never be forgotten. Nazis believed that they were superior, they were morally sound in any action they whitethorn choose to take, they were justified to correct and or exterminate anyone being that was different from themselves, and that the Nazi belief and code of ethics was a way of life to go one for eternity and to pass on for future generations. The moral code was one of imperfection, and many flaws that entitled the Nazi people to kill millions of Jews. The thought that the Nazi people were morally sound, or competent for that matter, is one that I hope every sane being can tell is false.The Nazi moral code is a very controversial matter and is a topic that I am sure has been examined and studied for countless years. Every livin g human has a moral identity and has developed responses to social interaction with others. These moral identities define who we all are and what we think of ourselves. The way we think of ourselves and the level of response we act upon others dictates our physical actions. One will act out in accordance with the level of response they believe in towards events such as cruelty, disrespect, and generosity.

The Characters of Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights :: Wuthering Heights Essays

The Characters of Wuthering Heights  At first glance, Wuthering Height shows us conflict between a landlord, Heathcliff, and Mr. Lockwood. Heathcliff, wholeness of the novels main characters, is portrayed as an uncompromising, sadistic bully, and produces a desire in Lockwoods character to find out more about his past. Bronte uses Lockwoods character to pull in her main narrator, Nelly Dean. Nelly was a first-hand witness to Heathcliffs story and so proceeds to relate the history, as she remembers it, to Lockwood. It appears very soon, after the start of the story, that Nelly Dean is the protagonist. She appears more than happy to agitate the conflict, which goes a long way in keeping the story interesting and moving right along. Wuthering Heights is set in the remote moors of Yorkshire (680), on that ignominious hill-top where the earth was hard with a black frost (686). Almost all the characters in this story have a very frosty, antagonistic side to them and Nelly introduc es us to Catherine and Hindley, when they were children, on the eve of Heathcliffs entry into the family. Nelly appears to make this story-telling as straightforward as possible, but her feelings for Heathcliff are not disguisable.When she made the step from playmate to the childrens nursemaid during the rubeola episode, her feelings toward Hindley and Catherine hardened and she softened so much toward Heathcliff that Hindley lost his last ally. Heathcliff was the quietest child that ever nurse watched over. The difference between him and the others forced me to be less partial. Cathy and her sidekick harassed me terribly, he was a uncomplaining as a lamb... (702). Nelly developed alternate feelings for Catherine she put us all past our patience fifty generation and oftener in a day. She was much too fond of Heathcliff. In play she liked, exceedingly to act the little mistress...but I would not bear slapping and ordinance and so I let her know (704). The class distinction, after the measles, became a clear, hard line Nelly, on the servant side with Joseph, and Catherine and Hindley on the side of the owners of servants. This promote hastened Nellys spiteful feelings toward Catherine when Mr. Earnshaw died. Hindley came home with a new bride, and Nelly was physically installed in the servants quarters and Heathcliff was installed with the animals in the stables. In her story up to now Nelly has portrayed herself as a concerned member of the family that has finally been relegated to where she knew she would end up anyway, a servant.

Historys Eras Essay -- American History USA Essays

Historys ErasThroughout the many changes in report and fluctuations in economy during times of war and times of rebuilding, there are several refer people and events that have greatly affected Americas path forever within the multiple Eras. Each abrupt turn in history is the result of someones purpose or some event that placed the post in someone elses hands. These sometimes critical and morally questioned times make up the guide non only to our history, except our future as well. They teach us which dash not to go again, and what is, and what use to be extremely important in preserving the American culture that was founded not so long ago. By viewing these movements, wars and moral evolutions, we can see how far America has come so far and where it should go. reconstruction took several different turns within the twelve year period of 1865-1877. Although President Lincoln revealed the rough road that lay ahead by presenting his Ten portion Plan and the 13th Amendment, he w ould have little to do with what was to come due to his untimely assassi tribe by John Wilkes Booth. Booth changed the course of history at that moment by handing the presidency to Vice President Andrew Johnson. Johnson rolled back several gains that Lincoln had in store. He had little to no reason for the enslaved blacks and blamed wealthy property owners and high ranking Confederate Officials for the Souths poverty. With the now Union functioning governments of the former Confederate states, Republicans were Sympathetic to Johnsons decision to put the power of the freed mens civil and political rights into the hands of the idiosyncratic states. This brought on the laws or Black Codes which gave them no choice but to live the slave life ... ...hip and programs, but overall the public saw him as a hero. He changed the connection between government and Americans forever. After reviewing the countless trials and successes America has gone through, it is clear that she has been mis -guided and plant back on track several times. With our system of democracy that has been molded and shaped over several periods, it is clear that America is a powerful nation that is continuing to grow. Each president, advisor and citizen has shown their love for this country and its people in so many ways, and by this they have changed the path of history forever. One individual can change history forever, Abraham Lincoln, John Wilkes Booth, Rosa Parks and even Margaret Sanger are all people that dramatically influenced the way America is today and the way it might have been had they not had dreams and morals that fueled them.

Evil Personas in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson Essa

Evil Personas in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson Some believe that every individual has an monstrous persona trapped inside that is just waiting to yield out This may be true for some but it may also just be another excuse for one to commit evil deeds. In the bracing Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, written by Robert Louis Stevenson, a prominent doctor (Dr. Jekyll) conducts a scientific experiment in which he compounds a certain medley he consumes and transforms into an ugly, repulsive creature (Mr. Hyde), representing the pure evil that exists within him. This novel is truly an astonishing piece of literature that consists of many components that make it a wondrous piece of literature. Not only is the symbolism fascinating and intriguing, the literary word puns are very ironic and makes the novel interesting. Dr. Jekyll believed that at least two variant entities occupy a persons body. His scientific knowledge led him to believe that he could isolate and separate the two separate components. Originally, the ultimate determination of Dr. Jekylls experiment was to discover his evil nature and isolate or reject it. But he became fascinated with this evil side of his nature because Hyde was more(prenominal) free and was able to satisfy all of Jekylls evil desires. Jekyll had once been free when he was younger, and able to do anything he pleased. All of this changed when he move to portray the image of a light-hearted, good-natured person so he hydes his evil pleasures. He states in his confession letter, my medical studies began to increasingly focus on the origins and dimension of this phenomenon of duality. This investigation of course, bordered on the mystical and the transcendental, but only these disciplines co... ...e cleverly says, If he be Mr. Hyde.I shall be Mr. Seek. Throughout the whole novel, he will travel on his journey to seek Mr. Hyde, who is hidden beneath Dr, Jekyll. Hyde and Jekyll were exact opposites of eachoth er, symbolizing the good and the evil. Although Utterson and Enfield are complete opposites, they can still absorb along. The word puns in the novel make it ironic and very appealing. Dr. Jekylls theory of the duality of mans nature proves to be true with the cosmea of the infamous Mr. Hyde. This theory can be applied to reality too, because at times, humans tend to have an evil side, but never really submit it. This novel, for me, has been very educational and interesting. The two reasons that make this book enjoyable is the theme that is understandable, the intense irony, and the word puns. These components are crucial in making a novel appealing.

James Arthur Baldwin :: Biography James Baldwin Writers Essays

James Arthur BaldwinJames Arthur Baldwin was born the first of nine children during 1924 in Harlem. His father, David, was a clergyman and a factory worker, and was the source of all of James Baldwins fears. Baldwins mother, Berdis, was a classmaker. Baldwin first started writing around age fourteen as a way of seeking the lie with which he was missing from his family life. During this time Baldwin attended Frederick Douglas Junior High School and DeWitt Clinton High School. During his school years, Baldwin won several awards for his writings. The joy that he felt from having others cheers his work was overshadowed, however, by his fathers disapproval of his non-Christian-oriented writing.James Baldwins father was a very religious Christian who forced the church on young James. For a hardly a(prenominal) years (from ages fourteen through seventeen), Baldwin was even a preacher. It was the bittersweet beauty of the church which Baldwin said turned him into a writer. Those few year s of lost herding candid James Baldwins eyes to the fact that he was in need of soul searching. Those years would not be in vain the cadences of black religious rituals lumbering throughout his writings. Baldwin was also known to credit his years at the pulpit for morphing him into the writer he was to become.In 1942 James Baldwin was fed up with his father, fed up with the church, and (at that point) fed up with his life. The brassy, young Baldwin went into a restaurant, which he knew was designated for whites only, and demanded that he be served. When the waitress informed him that they did not serve his kind in that restaurant Baldwin picked up a glass and hurled it at her with all his pent up spite for the world. (That was the last straw for James Baldwin, he knew that he needed to leave his home since childhood for new experiences, and did so that very same day.) With a high school diploma under his belt James Baldwin moved to New tee shirt and began working as a railroad ha nd. After two years in New Jersey, Baldwin moved to Greenwich Village. There, he first met Richard Wright (an African-American author whose rigid protests against racial prejudice made him one of his generations most important spokespersons) and began his first novel, In My Fathers House.It was not until four years later that James Baldwin began to receive recognition, such as awards and fellowships, for his writings.

James Arthur Baldwin :: Biography James Baldwin Writers Essays

throng Arthur BaldwinJames Arthur Baldwin was born the first of nine children during 1924 in Harlem. His father, David, was a clergyman and a factory worker, and was the source of all of James Baldwins fears. Baldwins mother, Berdis, was a homemaker. Baldwin first started writing around age fourteen as a representation of seeking the love which he was missing from his family life. During this time Baldwin attended Frederick Douglas Junior High School and DeWitt Clinton High School. During his school eld, Baldwin won several awards for his writings. The joy that he felt from having others praise his work was overshadowed, however, by his fathers disapproval of his non-Christian-oriented writing.James Baldwins father was a very religious Christian who forced the church on two-year-old James. For a few years (from ages fourteen through seventeen), Baldwin was even a preacher. It was the bittersweet beauty of the church which Baldwin said turned him into a writer. Those few years of l ost herding opened James Baldwins eyes to the fact that he was in need of soul searching. Those years would not be in vain the cadences of filthy religious rituals sound throughout his writings. Baldwin was also known to credit his years at the pulpit for morphing him into the writer he was to become.In 1942 James Baldwin was fed up with his father, fed up with the church, and (at that point) fed up with his life. The brassy, young Baldwin went into a restaurant, which he knew was designated for whites only, and demanded that he be served. When the waitress informed him that they did not serve his kind in that restaurant Baldwin picked up a glass and hurled it at her with all his pent up spite for the world. (That was the last straw for James Baldwin, he knew that he call for to leave his home since childhood for new experiences, and did so that very same day.) With a high school diploma under his belt James Baldwin go to New Jersey and began working as a railroad hand. After two years in New Jersey, Baldwin moved to Greenwich Village. There, he first met Richard Wright (an black author whose strong protests against racial prejudice made him one of his generations most important spokespersons) and began his first novel, In My Fathers House.It was not until four years later that James Baldwin began to receive recognition, such as awards and fellowships, for his writings.

Classical vs Baroque Era Music

fancy PeriodMusical texture during the Baroque period was in like manner polyphonic and/or homophonic. Composers apply melodic patterns to evoke certain moods. The use of text depiction continued. Rhythmic and melodic patterns are repeated throughout the composition. With the addition of instruments and the development of certain melodious techniques such as basso continuo, music during the Baroque period became more intriguing.Composers during this period were more open to experimentation and improvisation. Major and minor scales and chords were used during this time. Baroque music has unity of mood throughout the composition. Rhythm is also more constant. Rhythmic and melodic patterns tend to be repeated, although beats are more enunciate and there are also pitch trades within a composition. Even the dynamics tends to stay the same for more or less of the piece, just now sometimes there is also an alternation of dynamics.Classical PeriodThe themes within a movement of a Cla ssical composition have more contrast of mood and it can change either gradually or suddenly. The rhythm is more flexible and there are at times sudden pauses and changes in beats. Music is more melodic and often homophonic. A change in dynamics is gradual. The piano became a popular instrument during this period and composers showcased the instruments capabilities. This period also signaled the end of the basso continuo. Instrumental compositions usually had 4 movements and each(prenominal) movement may consist of 1 to 4 themes.SimilaritiesIn both the Baroque and Classical periods, composers were strongly tied to, connected to, and employed by the court of a Royal or Noble family of some sort, or a church. Mozart was employed by the Emperor of Austria, and Bach was employed by several different chapels in his lifetime. These wealthy patrons, establishments or families usually providedfor the composers welfare and lifestyle.Baroque and Classical music both share basic functional ha rmony that is not very adventurous in modulation, however, the mid to late Classic period begins to show signs of harmonic exploration to a wider degree. Some Baroque progressions are not commonly found in Classical music, however.Forms of the Baroque laid ground for many periods to come. Techniques and styles were not forgotten as the Classical period came to noticeable rise around the death of Bach. Composers console wrote famous and striking operas, concertos, masses, and sonatas Aspects of Classical era opera are all of the words are sung, the style of singing must be powerful replete to project the words and music throughout the opera house, words are often not in English, and the plots of operas are usually shortened, because more time is call for to express a thought in music than simply speaking.Also, Classical opera requires the suspension of realities that affect any drama. For example, a change of scene most likely means that a large amount of time has passed between t hese two scenes within the opera. The purpose of Classical opera is not to imitate reality, but rather heighten it to a degree that is not bound by logic. It appeals to the imagination of the audienceThe music of an opera consists of recitatives, arias, and choruses. The chorus usually participates on stage from puke the main characters.Several traditions exist about the type of voices and the characters portrayed. The heroine and hero usually a soprano and tenor, and the villain or authority figure is often a bass.Two types of operas were all important(predicate) during the Classical period opera seria and opera buffa. opera house seria was the traditional tragic opera that often featured stories about ancient Greek and Roman heros and gods. Opera buffa (comic opera) was filled with fun and frivolity. It was written invernacular languages, and used humorous dialogue and sometimes included popular tunes.Homophonic texture was mostly used, with only passing(a) counterpoint. New fo rms developed for individual movements sonata-allegro, theme and variations, rondo, and minuet and trio.Niccol Piccinni, Christoph Willibald Gluck, and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart were three well known opera composers during the early Classical era. Famous pieces that they wrote included La buona figliuola, Orfeo ed Euridice, and La finta giardiniera, respectively.

Credibility and Impact

The net has allowed Americans to be able to gather information from the comfort of their own home. The meshing has reshaped the political landscape because the internet spreades information fast, so they can react fast. The availability of information on the internet has affected how people view politicans and government activity as a whole. The internet enables americans who want to be more involved in political process. The internet benefits politicans directly, their are alot of tools politicans can use to communicate with voters email, blog, twitter, podcast. political relation have changed due to the internet is now lightning speed.They can react quickly to whats happening in the world. The internet could enables bloggers and commenteres to be salacious, rude and vulgar. But overall the internet allows politicans to see much more deeply into American psyche. Internet allows people to feeling through blogs just like if they was in a town residence meeting face to face. Conclu sion I never have used the internet has a great source but after doing research for the Senator I have more faith in our internet just have to double check your sources. I Hope you can start to access the sack more on topics you would like to learn about.

Love and Deception ( the Chaser)

Love and Deception Love is a feeling a personal attachment to your spouse or de arestr. Love potbelly also be sexu onlyy passion or desire to opposite. A false appearance and to be unfaithful to your spouse or discernr, is called deception. Love breeding always ends up the relationship if it started the deception. As in the short story The Chaser by John collier in which the character called Alan Austen a younker boy kip downs the girl very much precisely wanted to start the relationship falsely. Love life always the true and happy life tho life with deception always ends up the relationship.Alan honeys a girl name Diana. He was ready to do whatsoeverthing to get his slam. In order to get Dianas hit the hay he decided to buy a love portion from an old man who makes those kinds of portions so even she can fall in love with him. He wanted to Diana to waste the same feeling as he has for her There are m all stories some are true and some are just fantasy that shows that in love or/and for love people can do anything. one of a famous story that must have inspired many lover.Yash Raichand and Rohan are friends like family, when Yashs wife Mrs. Nandani gives birth to a baby boy name Rahul , Rohan helps the couple bring up thither child with most care. Years later the two friends have separated, Rohan lives in a shanty house, works as a mechanic and is the experience to a young girl Priya while Yash is a wealthy industrialist and lives in a spacious bungalow. In order to collect huge amounts of fund from abroad for just living Rohan decides to leave Priya in the care of the Raichands family.Everything was going well Priya as she is became friend with Rahul which eventually changed to love, Nandani finds out about Rahul and Priyas relationship and okay of Priya as her daughter-in-law but Yash is quite unhappy with the relationship as he have plans to get Rahul tie to his business partners daughter Champa so he insults Priya and knock off her out of h is house. Rohan returns and is angry at the treatment his daughter receives and leaves the house immediately with his daughter. Rahul too is unhappy with his dads decision and he also leaves the house deciding to marry Priya with the blessings of Rohan.But Rohan refuses to accept Rahul and the only way Rahul can win Rohans consent is if he proves that he can earn money by his own sweat. He did all the hard work he could and earned some money. He gave that money to Rohan. He got convinced and agreed with their relationship. And they lived happily ever after. Alan did felt in love with Diana but he wanted her to love him by using a love potion. Love potions that can make people fell in love deeply with you but that love is not a true love its deception. Alan wanted to deceive Diana. The portion did make Diana fall in love but that wasnt true love.Another fantasy story that shows that deceiving someone can affect your life in a negative way. This story is not about any love potion but it is about deceiving. This story tells the story of Akshay who one day meets a young and beautiful woman called Pooja and he falls in love with her at first sight. But Pooja doesnt love him, because she has no such feelings for him as he has for her. Akshay turn crazy in love with Pooja and couldnt find any more ways to persuade her than he tried to commit suicide but his suicide attempt was unsuccessful since he was saved by his dress hat friend neha and Pooja finally falls in love with Akshay.Little by little Akshay began to know that he is in love with a criminal daughter and her father owes 60 million to the underworld don. Akshay decides to help Pooja by grabbing the money for her because he is in love with her, Akshay tries to rob Vikram but gets caught. Vikram, is an Internet hacker, he agrees to help Jai on condition that he takes the blame for the Internet thefts. Akshay agrees, gives the money to Pooja and turns himself in. The accounts that were hacked by Vikram belong to underworld don, chota don, who wants revenge from the hacker.On hearing that the thief has been found, Babu tries to capture Akshay, who escapes. With both the law and the underworld after him, Akshay goes to Poojas apartment. He finds Vikram there and realizes that he has become the fall guy for them both. He escapes from the apartment, but is shot and assumed dead. He is, however, brisk and will not rest until he gets to take revenge against Pooja and Vikram. But at last Akshay killed pooja and rein vikram in such a way that he had to distribute the remaining money to charity.Vikram is all alone without his girlfriend and his life is meaningless for him. Love is good love is awesome its what every other human want in life. Love is good only when it starts with honesty and with truth. But if it starts by deception its not a true love and it always ends the relationship with your lover or spouse. We should be aware so what are true love and what deception is, if you want your l ife to be good. I have and I will be aware of it. I have seen family being separated because of being deceived and also family living happily as their love life is good and started with honestly.

Night World : Witchlight Chapter 6

It was a full-force invasion. Even before the echoes of breaking glass had died, figures in black uniforms were swarming through the window.Dark ninjas, Keller thought. An elite group made up of vampires and shapeshifters, the wickedness World experts at sneaking and killing.Kellers mind, which had been roiling in clouds of stifled anger, was suddenly crystal clear.Nissa, take her she sh divulgeed. It was all she needed to say. Nissa grabbed Diana. It didnt matter that Iliana was screaming breathlessly and in handle manner shocked to want to go anywhere. Nissa was a vampire and stronger than a human Olympic weight lifter. She simply picked Iliana up and ran with her toward the back door.Without being told, Winfrith followed close behind, orange tree energy already sizzling between her palms. Keller k in the buff she would provide good cover-Winnie was a fighting witch. She made full use of the new powers that all the Night hoi polloi were developing as the millennium got closer. A s one of the ninjas lunged after them, she let loose with a blast of poppy-colored energy that knocked him sideways.Now you Keller shouted to Galen, trying to bicker him into the hallway without turning from the ninjas. She hadnt changed and didnt want to if she could avoid it. Changing took time, left you vulnerable for the few seconds that you were between forms. Right straight off seconds counted.Galen got a few steps depressed the hall, then stopped. nanna HarmanI knew it, Keller thought. Hes a liability.The old muliebrity was still in the living room, standing with her feet braced apart, cane ready. Her apprentice, Toby, was in front of her, workings up some witch incantation and tossing energy. They were right in the flow of the ninjas.Which was as it ought to be. Kellers mind had clicked through the possibilities right at the beginning and had come to the only reasonable conclusion.We have to leave herGalen turned to her, his face lit by the multicolored energy that wa s flying around them. What?Shes too slow We have to comfort you and Hiana. Get movingHis features were etched in shock. Youre joking. Just wait here-Ill bring her.No Galen-He was already running back.Keller cursed.Go on she yelled to Nissa and Winnie, who were at the entrance to the kitchen, where the back door was. Take the limo if you can get to it. Dont wait for us thusly she turned and plunged into the living room.Galen was trying to shield gran Harman from the worst of the energy being exchanged. Keller gritted her teeth. This group of ninjas was only the first wave. They were here to breach the wards and make an opening for wh ingestver was personnel casualty to follow.Which could be a dragon.The ninjas hadnt terminate their job, though. Most of the wards were holding, and the one that had fallen was on a small window. The dark figures could only squirm in one at a time. The kinfolk shake as whoever was outside slammed power at it, trying to break a bigger entrance.Faintl y, Keller perceive an engine rev up outside. She hoped it was the limo.Galen was pulling at Grandma Harman. Toby was grappling hand-to-hand with a ninja.Keller batted a couple of the sneaks out of her way. She wasnt trying to kill them, unsloped put them out of commission. She had almost reached Galen.And then she heard the rumbling.Only her cougar ears could have picked it up. Just as the first time when shed heard it, it was so deep that it fulfilmed both soft and frighteningly loud. It shook her to her bones.In a flash, she knew what was coming.And there was no time to mobilise about what to do.Galen seemed to have sensed it, too. Keller saw him looking at the roof just above the door. Then he turned toward Grandma Harman, cheering.After that, everything happened at once. Galen knocked the old fair sex down and fell on top of her. At the alike time, Keller sprang and landed on top of both of them.She was changing even as she did it. Changing and spreading herself out, tryi ng to make herself as wide and flat as possible. A panther rug to cover them.The brick wall exploded just as the window had, only louder.Shattered with Power, Keller thought. The dragon had recovered fast.And then it was raining bricks. One progress to Keller in the leg, and she lashed her tail in fury. Another struck her back, and she felt a deep pain. Then one got her in the head, and she saw w sproute light. She could hear Galen shouting under her. It seemed to be her name.Then nothing.Something wet touched her face. Keller hissed automatically, pawing at it in annoyance.Lemme lone.Boss, wake up. Come on, its morning already.Keller opened heavy eyes.She was dreaming. She had to be. Either that, or the future was full of teenage girls. Winnie was bending over her with a dripping washcloth, and Nissa was peering critically over her shoulder. Behind Nissa was Ilianas intense little heart-shaped face, her hair falling desire dickens shimmering curtains of silvery-starlight gold o n either side.Keller blinked. I was sure I was dead.Well, you got close, Winnie said cheerfully. Me and Toby and Grandma Harman have been working on you most of the night. Youre dismission to be kind of stiff, just now I guess your skull was too thick to crack.Keller sat up and was rewarded with a stabbing pain in her temples. What happened? Wheres Galen?Well, golly gee, Boss, I didnt receive you cared-Stop fooling around, Winnie Wheres the guy whos got to be alive if the shapeshifters are going to join Circle Daybreak?Winnie sobered. Nissa said calmly, Hes fine, Keller. This is Ilianas house. Everybodys okay. We got you guys out-Keller frowned, struck by a new worry. You did? Why? I told you to take the girl and go.Nissa raised an eyebrow wryly. Yes, well, but the girl didnt want to go. She made us stop and turn back for you.For Galen, Keller said. She looked at Diana, who was wearing a pink nightgown with puffy sleeves and looked about seven. She tried to make her voice patient . It was good to think of him, but you should have followed the plan.Anyway, it worked out, Nissa said. Apparently, the dragon blew the house down on top of you, but then he walked right over you trying to get to us.Yeah. I was kind of hoping he wouldnt realizeGalen was there, Keller said. Or wouldnt realize he was important.Well, when he found wed already gotten away in the limo, he and his buddies took after us in cars, Winnie said. But Nissa lost them. And then Iliana insisted, and so we circled back. And there you were. Galen and Toby were digging you out. We helped them and brought you here. What about Grandma Harman? She came out of it without a scratch. Shes tougher than she looks, Winnie said. She talked to Ilianas mom last night, Nissa added. She fixed everything up so we can stay here.Youre vatic to be a distant cousin, and the rest of us are your friends. Were from Canada. We graduated last year, and were touring the U.S. by bus. We ran into Iliana last night, and thats why she was late. Its all covered, nice and neat. Its all ludicrous, Keller said. She looked at Iliana. And its time to stop. Havent you seen enough yet? Thats twice youve been attacked by a monster. Do you really want to try your luck for a third time? It was a mistake. Ilianas face had been sweet and anxious, but now Keller could see the walls slam down. The violet eyes hazed over and sparked at the same time.Nobody attacked me until you guys came Iliana flared. In fact, nobodys attacked me so furthermost at all. I think its you people theyre after-or maybe Galen. I keep telling you that Im not the one youre looking for. This was the time for diplomacy, but Keller was too anger to think. You dont really believe that. Unless you practice being stupid-Stop calling me stupid The last intelligence operation was a piercing shriek. At the same time, Diana threw something at Keller. She batted it out of the air automatically before it could hit.Im not stupid And Im not your Witch Chil d or whatever you call it Im just a general kid, and I like my life. And if I cant live my life, then I dont want to-to do anything. She whirled around and stalked out, her nightgown billowing.Keller stared at the missile shed caught. It was a stuffed lamb with abysmally long eyelashes and a pink ribbon tied around its white neck.Nissa folded her arms. Well, you sure handled that one, Boss.Give me a break. Keller tossed the lamb onto the window seat. And just how did she make you two turn around and come back for us, by the way?Winnie pursed her lips. You heard it. Volume control. She kept screaming like-well, I dont populate what screams like that. Youd be surprise how effective it is.Youre agents of Circle Daybreak youre supposed to be immune to torture. But Keller dropped the subject. What are you still hanging around for? she added, as she swung her feet out of bed and conservatively tried her legs. Youre supposed to stick with her, even when shes in the house. Dont stand he re staring at me.Youre welcome for putting you back together again, Winnie said, her eyes on the ceiling. In the doorway, she turned and added, And, you know, it wasnt Galen she kept screaming we had to go back and get last night. It was you, Keller. Keller stared at the door as it shut, bewildered.You cant go to school, Keller hissed. Do you hear me? You cannot go to school.They were all sitting around the kitchen table. Ilianas mother, a lovely woman with a knot of platinum hair coiled on her neck, was devising breakfast. She seemed slightly anxious about her four new houseguests, but in a pleasantly excited way. She certainly wasnt suspicious. Grandma Harman had done a good job of brainwashing.Were going to have a wonderful Christmas, she said now, and her angelic smile grew brighter. We can go into Winston-Salem for a Christmas and Candle Tea. Have you ever had a Moravian sugar-cake? I just wish Great-aunt Edgith had been able to stay.Grandma Harman was gone. Keller didnt know whether to be relieved or frustrated. Despite what she kept saying, as long as the old woman was around, Keller would worry about her. But with her gone, there was nobody to appeal to, nobody who could order Iliana into safekeeping.So now they were sitting and having this argument. It looked like such a normal breakfast scene, Keller thought dryly. Ilianas father had already left for work. Her mother was bustling around cheerfully. Her little brother was in a high chair making a mess with Cheerios. Too bad that the four nicely dressed teenagers at the table were actually two shapeshifters, a witch, and a vampire.Galen was directly turnabout Keller. There were shadows under his eyes-had anyone gotten any sleep last night?-and he seemed subdued but relaxed. Keller hadnt had a chance to speak to him since the dragons attack.Not that she had anything to say.Orange juice, Kelly?No, convey you, Mrs. Dominick. That was what this family thought their last name was. They didnt realize that witches trace their heritage through the female line and that both Iliana and her mother were therefore Harmans.Oh, please, call me Aunt Anna, the woman said. She had her daughters violet eyes and the smile of an angel. She was also pouring Keller juice.Now I see where Iliana gets her scintillating intelligence, Keller thought. Oh-thanks, Aunt Anna. And, actually, its Keller, not Kelly.How unusual. But its nice, so modern.Its my last name, but thats what everybody calls me.Oh, really? Whats your first name?Keller broke forward a piece of toast, feeling uncomfortable. Raksha.But thats beautiful Why dont you use it?Keller shrugged. I just dont. She could see Galen looking at her. Shapeshifters usually were named for their animal forms, but neither Keller nor Raksha fit the pattern. I was abandoned as a kid, she said in a nip voice, looking back at Galen. Dianas mother wouldnt be able to make anything of this, but she might as well satisfy the princelings curiosity. So I dont know my real last name. But my first name means demon.Dianas mother paused with the juice carton over Nissas glass. Oh. How nice. Well, then, I see.She blinked a couple of times and walked off without pouring Nissa any juice.So what does Galen mean? Keller said, holding his gaze challengingly and handing her full glass to Nissa.He smiled-a little wryly-for the first time since sitting down. Calm.Keller snorted. It figures.I like Raksha better.Keller didnt answer. With Aunt Anna safely in the kitchen, she could speak again to Diana. You understood before, right? That you cant go to school.I have to go to school. For somebody who looked as if she were made of spun glass, Diana ate a lot. She spoke around a mouthful of microwave pancake.Its out of the question. How can we go with you? What are we supposed to be, for Goddesss sake?My long-lost cousin from Canada and her friends, Diana said indistinctly. Or you can all be exchange students whore here to study our American educational system. B efore Keller could say anything, she added, Hey, how come you guys arent at school? Dont you have schools?Weve got the same ones you do, Winnie said. Except Nissa-she graduated last year. But Keller and I are seniors like you. We just take time off for this stuff.I bet your grades are as bad as mine, Diana said unemotionally. Anyway, I have to go to school this week. There are all sorts of class parties and things. You can come. Itll be fun.Keller wanted to hit her with the pot of grits.She had a problem, though. Ilianas little brother Alex had escaped from his high chair and was climbing up her leg. She looked down at him uneasily. She wasnt good with family-type things, and she especially wasnt good with children.Okay, she said. Go on back and sit down. She peeled him off and tried to start him in the right direction.He turned around and put his arms up. Kee-kee. Kee-kee.Thats his word for kitty, Ilianas mother said, coming in with a plate of sausages. She ruffled his white-blond hair. You mean Kelly, Kelly, she told him. Keller, Keller Winnie corrected helpfully.Alex climbed into Kellers lap, grabbed her hair, and hoisted himself into a standing position. She found herself looking into huge violet foil eyes. Witch eyes.Kee-kee, he said flatly, and gave her a sloppy kiss on the cheek.Winnie grinned. Having trouble?The kid had two chubby arms around Kellers neck now and was nudging her chin with his head like a kitten looking for pets. He had a good grip, too. This time, she couldnt peel him off.Its just-distracting, she said, giving up and petting him awkwardly. It was ridiculous. How could she argue with thwart giggles in her ears?You look kind of sweet together, Iliana observed. Tm getting dressed for school now. You guys can do whatever you want.She floated off while Keller was trying to think of a reply.Nissa and Winnie hastily followed her. Galen got up to help Ilianas mother with the dishes. Keller tugged at the baby, who clung like a sloth. Maybe th ere was shapeshifter blood in this family. Kee-kee pui That was what it sounded like.Pwee? Keller glanced nervously at his diaper.He means pretty Ilianas mother said, coming back in. Its funny. He doesnt usually take to people like that. He likes animals better.Oh. Well, he has good taste, Keller said. She finally succeeded in detaching him and gave him back to his mother. Then she started down the hallway after Iliana, muttering, Too bad about his eyesight.I think his eyesights just fine, Galen said, right behind her.Keller turned, realizing they were alone in the hall.His faint smile faded. I really wanted to talk to you, he said.

International Business Study Guide

IBM 414 Study Guide Ch12 Global merchandise Management Planning and Organization Global Marketing The trend backrest toward localization Caused by the new efficiencies of customization Made possible by the Internet Increasingly flexible manufacturing growthes From the merchandise perspective customization is always best Global markets hold open to homogenize and diversify simultaneously Best companies will avoid trap of focusing on res publica as the primary segmentation variable transnational Marketing- is the performance of descent activities designed to plan, personify, promote, and direct the flow of a companys goods and serve to consumers or users in more than one nation for a profit. An entry schema into international market should reflect on analysis Market characteristics Potential sales St enjoingic importance Strengths of local resources Cultural differences Country restrictions Company capabilities and characteristics leg of near-market knowledge Marketing involvement Management castment Exporting Indirect Exporting-requires no equity investment and thus has a low risk, low rate of return, and little control. Licensing A government agency of establishing a foothold in foreign markets without large capital outlays A favorite schema for clear and medium-sized companies Legitimate means of capitalizing on intellectual property in a foreign marketJoint Venures-When two or more participating companies join forces to create a separate statutory entity to facilitate doing business in the international bena Direct Investment Factors that influence the structure and performance of direct investments Timing The growing complexity and contingencies of contracts feat cost structures Technology transfer Degree of product differentiation The previous experiences and cultural diversity of acquired firms Advertising and reputation barriers ExampleWhen a company sells to a customer in another country, the company is into Direct exporting.Stra tegic International Alli cornerstonece Consortia Similar to joint ventures and could be classified as such except for two unusual characteristics Typically involve a large hail of participants Frequently operate in a country or market in which none of the participants is shortly active Consortia argon developed to pool financial and managerial resources and to lessen risks Joint Ventures JVs are established, separate, legal entities The acknowledged intent by the partners to share in the steering of the JV There are partnerships between legally incorporated entities such as companies, chartered organizations, or governments, and not between individuals Equity positions are held by apiece of the partners Franchise Franchiser provides a amount package of products, carcasss, and management services Franchise provides market knowledge, capital, and personal involvement in management expect to be the fastest-growing market-entry strategy Two types of franchise agreements Master fr anchise Gives the franchisee the rights to a specific area with the authority to sell or establish subfranchises LicensingContract Manufacturing-is a maker that contracts with a firm for components or products. It is a form of outsourcing. Contracting Management- is the management of contracts made with customers, vendors, partners, or employees. Contract management includes negotiating the foothold and conditions in contracts and ensuring compliance with the terms and conditions, as well as documenting and agreeing on any changes or amendments that may arise during its implementation or execution. CH8 Developing a global imagery though merchandise research Challeneges and problems The major difficulty is converting a series of often ambiguous business problems into tightly drawn and achievable research objectives The first, around crucial step in research is more critical in foreign markets because an unfamiliar environment tends to could problems definition Other difficultie s in foreign research stem from failures to establish problem limits broad enough to include all relevant variables Environmental S flowerpotning- Careful monitoring of an organizations internal and external environments for detecting betimes signs of opportunities and threats that may influence its current and future plans.Marketing Screening- The process of discovering relevant information about a tradable asset in order to determine a decent price for the asset. Primarily used to avoid creating an adverse transaction. Steps to marketing Screening- Market- A regular gathering of mass for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other commodities. Requirements of in effect(p) Market Segmentation Describe the psychographic segments profiled in the Worldwide Global S provoke study How can international market demand be estimated? page 236When craved stats arent operable a close approximation can be made using local production figures plus imports, with adjustments for exports and current inventory levels CH13 Products and services for consumers Why are product strategy decisions the most crucial ones in the marketing mix? What two errors do multinational product managers tend to commit? Define and explain Product, Quality Features and benefits Reliability, Durability Product Homologation. What are the standardization/adaptation strategies that a marketer can implement and when would you recommend them? What is meant by the public expo accepted of motivations?What are the degrees of newness that a product can exhibit and what are the (perceived) product characteristics of an innovation that affect its rate of acceptance? What is product counterfeiting and how can it be fought? CH14 Products and Services for Businesses ISO 9000 Positively affects the performance and stock prices of firms Certification of the existence of a quality control system a company has in place to jibe it can meet published quality standards Describes three quality system models Defines quality concepts Gives guidelines for using international standards in quality systems Generally voluntary EU Product Liability Directive Now a competitive marketing tool in Europe and around the world The ACSI approach Trade Shows second-string methods for marketing Advertising in print media Catalogs Web sites Direct mail Trade shows have become the primary and most important vehicle for doing business in many foreign countries Total annual media budget spent on trade events Europeans 22 percent Americans 5 percent Benefits Provide the facilities for a manufacturer to exhibit and demonstrate products to likely users Allow manufacturers to view competitors products Are an opportunity to create sales and establish dealingships with agents, distributors, franchisees, and suppliers Online trade shows Become useful in difficult economic and/or political circumstances Are obviously a less than adequate substitute for live trade shows CH18 price for International Mar kets Price Escalation- A disparity in pricing where goods have higher costs in a foreign market than in the municipal market due to transportation and exporting costs. Price escalation can also refer to the sum of cost factors in the dissemination channels which add up to a higher closing cost for a product in a foreign market.The difference between the domestic price and the target price in foreign markets due to the application of duties, dealer margins and/or other transaction costs. How can the effect of price escalation be lessened? Lowering cost of goods Manufacturing in a third country Eliminating costly functional features Lowering overall product quality Lowering tariffs Reclassifying products into a different, and lower customs miscellany Modify product to qualify for a lower tariff rate within classification Requiring assembly or further processing Repackaging Lowering dispersal costs Shorter channels Reducing or eliminating middlemen Using foreign trade partition o ffs to lessen price escalation Establish free trade zones (FTZs) or free ports tax-free enclave not considered part of country Postpones payment of duties and tariffs Dumping To place (goods or stock, for example) on the market in large quantities and at a low price. usage of marginal (variable) cost pricing Selling goods in foreign country below the price of the same goods in the home market Gray Market- A market where a product is bought and sold outside of the manufacturers authorized trading channels.The unofficial trading of a companys shares , usually before they are issued in an sign public offering (IPO). Occur whenever price differences are greater than cost of transportation between two markets Major problem for pharmaceutical companies Exclusive distribution Transfer Pricing Prices of goods transferred from a companys operations or sales units in one country to its units elsewhere May be adjusted to enhance the ultimate profit of company Benefits Lowering duty costs R educing income taxes in high-tax countries Facilitating dividend repatriation when dividend repatriation is curtailed by government policy Objectives Maximizing profits for fraternity Facilitating parent-company control Providing all levels of management control over profitability Arrangements for pricing goods for intracompany transfer Sales at the local manufacturing cost plus a standard markup Sales at the cost of the most efficient producer in the company plus a standard markup Sales at negotiated prices Arms-length sales using the same prices as quoted to independent customers Countertrade Types of countertrade Barter Compensation deals Counterpurchase or offset trade Product buyback agreement Problems of countertrading Determining the value of and potential demand for the goods offered Barter houses The Internet and countertrading Electronic trade dollars Universal Currency/IRTA Proactive countertrade strategy Included as part of an overall market strategy Effective for sta nd in-poor countries Administered Pricing- The price of a good or service as dictated by a governmental or other governing agency. Administered prices are not determined by regular market forces of supply and demand. Ch16 Intergrated Marketing Communications and International Advertising 6) What are the four methods of promotion and how can they be used in nternational marketing? Integrated marketing communicatings (IMC) are composed of advertize, sales promotions, trade shows, personal selling, direct selling, and public relations Sales promotions-marketing activities that stimulate consumer purchases and improve retailer or middlemen effectiveness and cooperation Public relations (PR)-creating good relationships with the popular press and other media to help companies communicate messages to their publics-customers, the command public, and governmental regulators.Public relations firms billings in the international arena have been growing at double digit rates for slightly year s. Handling such international PR problems as global workplace standards and product safety recalls has become big business for companies serving large companies. International advertising-global mass media advertising is a powerful tool for cultural change, and as such, it receives continuing scrutiny by a wide variety of institutions. What are the pros and cons of standardization, adaptation and glocalization in international advertising?Standardization Pros Standardized marketing for global companies typically offers significant cost benefits. If the same message works universally, you dont have to spend money to develop customized marketing messages. While you would have to adapt the language to the local markets, the conceptual premise of your messages can remain constant. Also, if your brand theme is powerful and has global appeal, a convertible approach helps people around the world share in the value proposition you offer Cons Global marketing standardization is not sensibl e in all cases.If people use your products differently or if your brand message doesnt work everywhere, you need to be flexible. McDonalds, for instance, has been successful selling its western and American cultural appeal in some countries such as Russia, Japan and France. However, the fast food chain has emphasized its relationship with local suppliers and management in some countries in the Middle East and elsewhere, where attitudes toward western and American culture are less welcoming. Globalization Pros The main benefit of globalization is that it lets you reach a haulage more customers.As long as there is demand in an overseas market for a product or service your business offers, there is a customer base. A product that sells successfully at home will often do well in international markets, says Wesley Johnston, a marketing prof at Georgia State University. Electronics and other tech products are examples of consumer goods that sell well on the global market. Cons Before tak ing your business worldwide, make sure there is a market for it. Consumers in other countries often have different preferences and needs and might not have much avocation in buying your product.For example, if you sell Canadian flags, you might not find much demand in countries outside Canada. Another risk of going global is that it can be costly. This is especially true if you decide to set up operations in other countries. Finally, different countries have different regulatory standards. Products that can be made and sold freely in some markets might run up against stiff regulatory hurdles in other countries. Adaptation excuse the statement, The search for a global advertising campaign can be the spearhead of the search for a coherent global marketing strategy. What types of errors are commit when advertisers attempt to go global? Consumer criticism Deceptive advertising Decency and blatant use of sex Self-regulation Government regulations What challenges confront international advertisers when they attempt to develop original and media strategies? Language is one of the major barriers to effective confabulation through advertising Translation challenges Low literacy in many countries Multiple languages within a country In-country testing with the target consumer group avoids problems caused by linguistic differences ) Can personal selling and sales promotion be standardized in international markets? What place do publicity and public relations play in international marketing? what are the three sources of personnel for international assignments and how can U. S. personnel be trained for such assignments? Expatriates- Numbers are declining Important for highly technical or involved products High cost Cultural and legal barriers Limited number of high-caliber personnel willing to live abroad Virtual Expatriates- Manage operations in other countries but dont live there topical anesthetic Nationals Transcend both cultural and legal barriers Familiar with distribution systems and referral networks Headquarters personnel may ignore their advice Lack of availability Sales positions viewed negatively What are the differences in cultural values that can affect management practices in foreign cultures? How has the profile of global managers changed in recent years? Objectivity Separating people from the problem Competitiveness and equality Nipponese appear to be the best negotiators with the highest profits Japanese appear to be more equitable with buyers Time The portrayal of time is viewed differently across cultures Describe the negotiation process. Stages 1. Non Task Sounding Report 2. Task related exchange of info Sales Pitch allow the foreign counterparts bring up business Expect a large number of questions but little feedback Allow periods of silence Use multiple communication channels Understand the lack of, or the bluntness of negative feedback Meet aggressive first offers with questions, not anger 3. Persuasion Handling of objectives Task-related information exchange versus persuasion Avoid threats, warnings, and other aggressive negotiation tactics Avoid emotional outbursts Ask more questions Use third parties and information channels of communication 4. Consensus & agreement The close Write down concession-making strategies Understand differences in decision-making styles In many cultures, no concessions are made until the end of the negotiations CH 15 International Marketing Channels 8 Describe the difference between traditional, import-oriented distribution systems and modern ones.Page 421 In an imported-oriented or traditional distributution an importer controls a fixed supply of goods, and the marketing system develops around the philosophy of selling a limited supply of goods at high prices to a small number of affluent customers. Describe the current Japanese System how can an international marketer secure a foothold in the Japanese System? Small retailers are considered to be the foundation of the Japanese distribution system. Distribution in Japan has long been considered the most effective nontariff barrier to the Japanese market.What are the pros and cons of using foreign vs. home country middlemen? exotic Middlemen-Pros-shorter channels and deal with middlemen in constant contact with the market (page 434) Home Country Middlemen-(domestic middlemen) companies relegate foreign market distribution to others. Offer many advantages for companies with small international sales volume, those inexperienced with foreign markets, those not wanting to become immediately involved with the complexities of international marketing, and those wanting to sell abroad with minimal financial and management commitment.Con- limited control over the entire process. Page 431 What are the strategic goalthe 6Cs of channel strategy? page 436 COST great(p) REQUIREMENTS CONTROL COVERAGE CHARACTER CONTINUITY How should you go about locating, selecting and motivating middlemen? page 438 Loca ting-productivity or volume, financial strength, managerial stability, and capability, and the nature and reputation of the business. Selecting-low volume or low potential volume hampers most prospects, many are underfinanced and some simply cannot be trusted.Motivating- motivational techniques that can be employed to maintain middlemen interest and support for the product may be grouped into five categories financial rewards, psychological rewards, communications, company support, and corporate rapport. What is the significance of the internet for international distribution and what issues must a prospective e-vendor consider? page 441 Internet is an important distribution method for multinational companies and a source of products for businesses and consumers. Put the consumer in control of marketing and distribution globally 9What is the purpose of export restrictions? are limitations on the quantity of goods exported to a specific country or countries by a government. Describe the process necessary to determine whether or not an export license is required? An export license is not required Define and explain the following boycott, free-trade zone (FTZ), maquiladoras, bill of lading, and foreign-freight forwarder. Boycott-is an act of voluntarily abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with a person, organization, or country as an expression of protest, usually for social or political reasons.Sometimes, it can be a form of consumer activism. Free-trade zone-customs privileged (In a FTZ, payment of import duties is postponed until the product leaves the FTZ area and enters the country. Page 536 Maquiladora-is the Mexican name for manufacturing operations in a free trade zone (FTZ), where factories import material and equipment on a duty-free and tariff-free basis for assembly, processing, or manufacturing and then export the assembled, processed and/or fabricate products, sometimes back to the raw materials country of origin.Example given in class (Tijua na) Bill of lading-is a document used in the transport of goods by sea. It serves several(prenominal) purposes in international trade. Foreign-freight forwarder-is a person or company that organizes shipments for individuals or corporations to get goods from the manufacturer or producer to a market, customer or final point of distribution. Forwarders contract with a carrier to move the goods. A forwarder does not move the goods but acts as an expert in supply chain management What is physical distribution (logistics)?Involves more than the physical movement of goods. It includes the location of plants and warehousing, transportation mode, inventory qualities and packing. What is the physical distribution concept? Takes into account the interdependence of the costs of each activity a decision involving one activity affects the cost and efficiency of one or all others. Page 449 What are the pros and cons of the different modes of transport available to international marketers?

My Essay on War

Rishiv Chugh 9/24/12 4th period My Opinion On War War, its one of the biggest things to happen to the world ever since and then human evolution. So my opinion on war? Well to me, war is good on one side, and a terrible thing on the separate side. So why do I think it is both good and bad at the same time? I might as hygienic tell you and give some brief explanations why. So to start off, Ill tell you the pros of war. For one thing, if in that respect was no war, for all in all we know, there just might be more chaos in the world.With no control, other countries could nuke or bomb us without us knowing. Im just saying that even though war may be a bad thing, it may be the one thing that can hold our loved country from being overruled from other countries. Now we dont want that to happen. Now Ill move on to the cons of war. So the most diaphanous con of war is the loss of many loved ones. Everyone knows that it can be pretty difficult to lost someone that you really love.Just th ink about all the poor people that lost their lives just trying to fight for our country. We should appreciate how much these brave people do to save our country. I know I do. I guess that all I am saying is that there are many different consequences and advantages to war. It goes from saving our beloved country to people losing their lives. So, near time you think about this, think about the people that lost their lives protecting the country.

On the Sidewalk Bleeding: Newspaper Article Essay

Last night at approximately 1130 pm, Andy Anderson had become the latest victim of large number violence in the borough of Queens.Andy was stabbed when he darted through a back alley on his way to buy a package of cigarettes at Alfredos on the next block. At that exact time, he was ambushed and later stabbed by a member of the GUARDIANS. A rival gang of the Royals. The ROYALS being that of which Andy was a part of. According to police officers that arrived on the scene about 45 minutes after the ambush occurred. Andy Anderson was wearing a b unspoilt, purple, silk cap with The ROYALS stitched across the back of the cap and Andy delicately stitched in black lettering over the heart. Police too knew that when they saw ROYALS on his jacket that this wasn t a random act of violence, and that this was a planned attack. This attack shows the extreme dangers of Gang violence in the borough of Queens.When police found Andy On The sidewalk Bleeding, they had known that he had already died . This was because of three reasons the location of the stab wound, the location of the wound, and how long it tom for EMS personnel to arrive on the scene. Police were also able to find him on the sidewalk with his girlfriend Laura who had this to say When I didnt see Andy for a long period of time, I knew something wasnt right and by the time I left the school and got to him it was too late he was dead.Police officers have just commenced their investigation and an autopsy will be conducted in the coming days to find out the time of death. Police would like anyone with any kind of information to contact 69 Division or to leave an anonymous tip for Crime Stoppers.

Bullying In Schools Essay

A huge riddle seems to be taking over our schools these days. Bullying has become a major issue in our schools and should be a problem taken very honestly. Parents need to take action in putting a stop to their children harming others. Teachers also should be aware of what is going on in their schools and take immediate action before something noble occurs.Bullying is when someone intentionally brings harm to someone else. It comes in forms of physically harming another person or mentally harming them. Bullying is not based on one single incident just reoccurring incidents. It brook be brought on by one single person or even a theme of people targeting an individual . Bullying is usually an unfair fight where the person doing the bullying has an advantage over the one beingness bullied.Teaching our children empathy at an early age is a vital piece to their lives. Without empathy we would capture no cohesive society, no trust and no reason not to murder, cheat, steal or lie . At best we would only act out of self-interest at worst, we would be a collection of sociopaths(Szalavitz). This advice is so true because the way we teach and treat our children will ultimately be the way they treat others as they get older. Spending quality time and giving lots of positive attention to our children will facilitate them grow and develop positive social skills.It is very sad to sit and watch the news or read the paper and see that there are young people committing suicide over being bullied at school. These children should not see ending their life as a solution to any problem. Teachers and parents should be doing everything in their power to put a stop to bullying in schools. If a child is rescue that much harm to another child they should be expelled. Maybe then their parents will realize how serious the problem is and do something to help their child before its too late.School is a base to learn and develop as people in society. Children should not have to f eel threatened but feel safe in school. Teachers, school staff, and parents definitely need to be aware of everything that goes on withthese children in order to teach them the right ways to deal with problems. After all they are going to be harder to control the older they get.

Cognitive Approach to Psychology

Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied psychological science Shane Galvin Class 061/AT Applied psychological science Teacher chant Neenan Title Psychological Perspective Word count 3121 The cognitive Approach to psychological science Contents raps omenion 1 Contents summon 2 Introduction Page 3 History Page 4 cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Science Page 6- Research methods i) iii) v) Reaction time Studies Eye introduce Studies Psychophysics ii) iv) vi) Priming Studies Lateralisation Studies Single-Cell Studies Page 8 fund Storage and Models Page 10 Therapeutic Applications Page 11 Evaluation Page 12 Bibliography Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology The Cognitive Approach to Psychology What is Cognitive Psychology? Liter every(prenominal)y, Cognition means knowing, but in the greater framework of Psychology, Cognition is thinking, perceiving information, ground, construction and presentation of an resultant role to a question. Essentially, cognition is a circumstance for the phthisis of our mental processes. Cognitive Psychology is the analyse of high mental processes such as attention, language call, memory, perception, problem solving, and thinking. (Gerrig & Zimbardo. 2002) Cognitive Psychology uses scientific methods and scrutiny to set out a deeper understanding of the human mind, rather than the instinct, a methodology possibly adapted from Behaviourism, in which raw Cognitive Psychology holds its roots. Yet, unlike demeanourism, which only focuses on observable behaviour, Cognitive Psychology is also have-to doe with with internal mental states. 2 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology History In 1932, Behaviourist Edward Tolman published his book nonrandom Behaviour in Animals and Men In his works Tolman studied rats in a maze, in which regimen was placed at the end of the maze.In the initial phase of a turn out, the rat would non be hungry(p) while first entering the maze this would allow the rat to learn where the food would be and to attendant a certain location with the prospect of food. Of course, cosmos armed with such a primal survival instinct would influence the rat to learn and adapt quickly. The rat would locomote in the general way of life of the food as opposed to a specific pathway and Tolman observed that the rats were able to use ferocious routes towards the food.This meant that rats had an ability to learn, beyond mere survival instinct and presented a problem for radical behaviourism. Whether Tolman knew it or not, some(prenominal) he and his rats were laying d pro examen the groundwork for regularityrn cognitive psychology. Tolman theorized that the animal had au whencetic an image of its surround that it later utilise as a reference when finding its food. This is called a Cognitive Map i. e. , the rats showed use of their cognitive map by reaching a death (food) from a number of contrastive starting points.The rats had no instinctive information of the maze and no stimuli tha t would condition it to have knowledge of the maze, in different words the rats erudite about their environment and stored the information. This helped to establish some basis for memory storage, learned behaviour and analytical methodology for Cognitive Psychology and would help Psychologists prep be for the Cognitive Revolution of the 1950s where Cognitive Psychology and its principle parts of research begin to gravel defined. 3 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied PsychologyThe terminal figure Cognitive Psychology came into use in 1967 in the book Cognitive Psychology by Neisser. the term cognition refers to all processes by which the sensory stimulant drug is transformed , reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and utilize it is app bent that cognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do that every psychological phenomena is a cognitive phenomena (Neisser, 1967) maybe it was the invention of the computer that gave Cognitive Psychology the nigh credibility .For the first time in history, mankind had something to which it could equate with the human brain or mind, and gave the cognitive admission its terminology. By being able to record a simpler artificial construct, psychologists now had the opportunity to learn more(prenominal) about cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology focuses on the way humans process information, opticalizeing at how we kickshaw information that comes in to the person (what behaviorists would call stimuli), and how this treatment leads to receptions. In otherwise words, they are interested in the variables that mediate amidst arousal/input and response/output. (McLeod, 2007) Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Science Part of the effect that the cognitive revolution had on its approach is the amalgamation of techniques and ideologys from other distinct areas of research and study such as linguistics, computer science, developmental psychology and cognitive psychology. It seems as though it is a rea ction to the stimulus-response methodology and mode of interpretation espouse by behavioural scientists. Noam Chomsky theorised that the brain had a centre for language acquisition that went beyond what could be explained by behavioural psychology.Jean Piaget had laid out stages of cognitive development that children go with which again could not be explained within the framework of Behaviourism. Computer scientists provided a new way of comparably examining the brain by using computer processing as a method to conceptualise brain processing. These scientists maintained their birth distinct methodologies but they held together and remained united in their interest in cognition and in their goal to bring the scientific study of these processes to light. This scientific collective became known as cognitive science (Solso, et al. 2008) In modern times cognitive science relies on computer science, philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, linguistics and anthropology. Cognitive science is hard influenced by computer science in computer modelling it is possible to construct and test cognitive models, in the form of artificial intelligence (AI) which has leaked into popular use in the form of interactive engineering science such as video gaming. 4 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology But it is of particular benefit to psychologists because they crumb test certain, although limited, cognitive models and theories demonstrate on computer models.Cognitive Psychology uses a combination of techniques adapted from other areas of research in found to research its own theories, thus we have an intrinsic relationship between cognitive psychology and other methodologies as illustrated in Gardners Hexagon. The diverse range of methodologies in the cognitive approach allows researchers and clinical psychologists to approach problems, issues and hypotheses from a multitude of different backgrounds and allow a wider range of scrutiny to see their findings in keeping with sc ientific inquiry.Ultimately this allows the cognitive scientist/psychologist to create models of predictive capability that are reproducible which, in Psychology, allows for a greater understanding of the human mind and its mechanisms. 5 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology Research Methods The research methods of cognitive psychology observe and record how we take in information from the physical world, the response time of reactions and how we process this information to perceive it. The methods of cognitive psychology stem from those used by early German researchers studying memory, association and processes.These tools became a mainstay of experimental psychology. As cognitive psychology began to form and become interdisciplinary, methods from other research fields were borrowed and modified for use in the study of cognitive processes. Research methods are the tools by which we come to know and understand, as well as test ideas and develop new whizs. (Solso, et al. , 2008) i ) Reaction Time Studies Reaction time studies are used to study cognitive processes and seem to be a defining methodology in the cognitive approach.An example is Donders forking studies, in which a subjects response speed to a gaberdine light being turned on was recorded and compared to a yellow light being turned on. Researchers believed early on that the time difference between the two responses could have been attributed to additional processing that it took to differentiate the yellow from the white light. Reaction time studies fundamentally rely on the assumption that cognitive activity takes time and that one stage is completed before the other starts. (Solso, et al. , 2008) ii) Priming studiesPriming studies have been used by psychologists for kinda some time. With the invention of computer technology, specifically brain imaging technology, priming studies are becoming more popular. In priming studies a stimulus is briefly presented (a prime) and so, after a delay, a sec ond stimulus is presented and a participant is asked to make some judgement regarding the second stimulus, such as, Is the second stimulus the corresponding as the first? (Solso, et al. , 2008) There are two types of priming effects. The Semantic priming Effect and the prey priming effect.The Semantic priming effect is that by activating one peak, the acceptability of the second item is enhanced. The Object priming effect is typically in two stages. The first stage is the presentation of an aim. This is followed by an interval that may be as hornswoggle as a millisecond or as long as several months. In the second stage an determination similar to the first object is presented, it could be changed, degraded or rotated etc. The participants accuracy in remembering the first object is then measured and sometimes the reaction time is measured as well. Tulving & Schacter, 1990) 6 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology iii) Eye-Tracking studies A large portion of the brain is used for interpreting and processing visual sensory information. Researchers have genuine techniques to track the movement of nerves in order to determine where a persons eye is fixed which in particular helps to study people reading, what sentence they are looking at and where they look next. Eye-tracking studies have helped researchers to discover that people who have dyslexia have different eye movements to people who do not have dyslexia. v) Lateralisation Studies Lateralisation studies highly-developed from the idea that the two sides of the brain are liable for different cognitive functions, in an effort to localise functions within the brain, Broca and Wernickes areas ( centres that are responsible for speech and language) are located on one side of the brain, the left side, this implies that the brain has localised areas for different functions, these studies were particularly important in the area of memory study and studies of amnesiac patients, finished the methodology use d in lateralisation studies, i. e. riming type tests, and brain imaging we know that the genus Hippocampus is responsible for memory, although there are two hippocampi. There are also more invasive techniques used in lateralisation studies using patients with extreme epilepsy undergoing preventative surgery whereby the corpus collosum, the fibres which pertain the hemispheres of the brain, are cut. v) Psychophysics Psychophysics is the scientific study of the relationship between stimuli and the sensations and perceptions evoked by these stimuli. (Solso, et al. , 2008) Psychophysicists are interested in perceptual thresholds.For example in Webers study of perceptual thresholds he tested a persons ability to detect weight. If a person was holding a weighted object, how much weight could be added before the person could detect and perceive the difference in weight. vi) Single-cell Studies Single-cell studies are typically conducted in animals as opposed to humans because of their inv asive nature. Hubel & Wiesel, who were awarded a Nobel Prize for their 1959 research, mapped the visual cortex of cats. This research involved the opening of the skull of the subject.They had theorised that because single cells communicate with each other via electrical impulses then it would be possible to probe these single cells with a an extremely fine meter to measure the tote up of electrical activity in a cell without damaging it, thereby allowing them to evaluate perceptual begin at a cellular level. Hubel & Wiesel basically restrained a cat , opened its skull, probed its brain and then showed the cat 7 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology moving images and kept probing until they could record the level of cellular electrical activity.This gave us an insight into how we visual perceive the world and the physical action that takes place in the brain. (Solso, et al. , 2008) Memory, Storage and Models Cognitive Psychology is viewed as a pure science, its accepted theories o n memory, for example, are based on laboratory experiments with demonstrable results as well as solid work in upshot studies. For example the Multi store Model (MSM) by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968, 1971) cited by (McLeod, 2007) attempted to explain how information is transferred from Short Term Memory to Long Term Memory.This model views sensory memory, STM and LTM as permanent morphologic components and suggests that memory is made up of a series of stores. MSM likens memory as information flowing through a formation. Information is detected by the sense organs and enters the sensory memory. If attended to this information enters the short term memory. Information from the STM is transferred to the long-term memory only if that information is rehearsed. If statement does not occur, then information is forgotten, lost from short term memory through the processes of displacement or decay. McLeod, 2007) This model has influenced the study and research of memory and is supported and informed by studies of retrograde and anterograde amnesia. The Working Model of Memory (Baddely & Hitch, 1974), shows that short term memory is more than one store and consists of different components. Similarly, in long term memory different kinds of memory such as addition/subtraction, how to play chess or what we did yesterday are not stored in one hard-drive type long term memory store. There are different types of memory, episodic (memory of events), procedural (memory of how to do 8 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology hings) and semantic (general knowledge). This model of memory espouses that rehearsal is the process whereby by we transfer information into Long term memory but that it is not requirement to rehearse in some cases. . We know, now, that the part of the brain that deals with memory is the genus Hippocampus it is part of the limbic system and deals with short term memory and long term memory, as well as spatial functions, the hippocampus is shown in this diagra m. As we bunghole see, there are hippocampi there is a hippocampus in two sides of the brain. The hippocampus is part of the cerebral cortex and is located in the medial temporal lobe.Damage to the hippocampus can result in a person being unable to store new memories and is kind of destroy to a persons quality of life. In the case of Clive Wearing, based on Baddely, 1990 Blakemore 1988 as cited in (Gross, 2010), who suffered from anterograde amnesia, we can see the effects of damage to the hippocampus, in this case caused by a antiquated brain infection caused by the cold sore virus (Herpes Simplex). Mr. Wearing lives almost as if he is frozen in time, constantly believing he has just woken from years of unconscious sleep. He retains developed skills, for example he was the chorus master of the London Sinfonietta.Unfortunately for Mr. Wearing his ability to recall memories from earlier in his life is extremely patchy, at best. Atkinson and Schiffrin regard the kind of memory De ficits displayed by Clive Wearing as perhaps the single most convincing demonstration of a dichotomy in the memory system (Gross, 2010) 9 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology Therapeutic Applications Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is based on how our cerebrations, feelings and behaviour all interact with each other our thoughts influence our feelings and behaviour.CBT helps the client to develop alternate ways of thinking and behaving in order to reduce psychological distress. Through reflective processes and tasks such as homework, the clients maladaptive thought process and behaviour is challenged. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is a blanket term for different therapeutic interventions that share similar characteristics. Two therapies which form the basis of CBT are Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s, and Cognitive Therapy, developed by Aaron T.Beck in the 1960s. Beck puts forward the argument that our em otional reactions are essentially a function of how we construe the world. Depressed people see themselves as victims, and Beck sees them as victims of their own illogical self-judgements. Becks central idea is that depressed undivideds feel as they do because their thinking is prevail by negative schemas. (Gross, 2010) Beck essentially implies that we interpret our reality by using our cognitive processes and our perception.If our perceptions are reorient because our cognitive processes are maladaptive or our methods of reasoning are incorrect then our emotions and behaviour become distorted from reality. In order to correct emotional or psychological disturbances then we must examine to examine the root of the problem, viewing this through the lens of cognition means that we must correct our thought process in order to correct the symptomatic behavioural and emotional disorder. Beck uses methods to treat a disorder depending on the disorder that the client suffers from. He st resses the importance of the quality of the relationship between the client and healer.Beck also places particular emphasis on the client discovering misconceptions for themselves. (McLeod, 2008) Albert Ellis Rational Emotional Behavioural Therapy is quite contrasting to Becks method. Ellis Proposes that the therapist should be a teacher and that a warm personal relationship is unnecessary. REBT can also be highly directive, persuasive and confrontational. REBT also uses different methods of approach to a clients issue depending on the clients personality. Human cognition can be held responsible for the individuals successes and accomplishments, according to CBT cognition can also be held responsible for our problems. You are responsible for the event of the situation It emphasises control over ones behaviour and emotions through correcting thought processes. The nature of Cognitive 10 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology Psychology/Science allow cognitive theories to be tested in a variety of situations, for example Rimm & Litvaks 1969 (McLeod, 2008) study shows that When experimental subjects are manipulated into adopting unpleasant assumptions or thought they became more anxious and depressed.Moreover, many people with diagnosed psychological disorders such as anxiety and sexual disorders have been found to display maladaptive thoughts and assumptions, making a case for the effectiveness of CBT. Aaron Becks work in researching picture and order disorders in clinical as well as laboratory settings and testing memory and other cognitive functions, and in particular his outcome studies have shown that CBT can be highly effective. CBT is also used in the treatment of drug abuse, bipolar disorder and in patients with cancer, HIV, OCD, PTSD and schizophrenia.It has also been theoretically utilise in the treatment of psychopathy. Evaluation/Personal Learning Upon examining the field of Cognitive Psychology, I have learned that cognitive Psychology is adaptiv e. It evolves with the times and incorporates new technologies, but also has a serious grounding in scientific methodology in order to correctly examine and understand the human mind. Cognitive Psychology is informed by the greater umbrella that is cognitive science. For example it uses information from computer science and neuroscience in order to better understand the cognitive processes that exist in the human brain.Given that the mind is not a physical entity this style of scientific inquiry may be the best approach in understanding it. There is a good scientific framework underlying Cognitive psychology which then allows the Psychologist to move forward and deal with issues presented by the mind. As we can see in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, the therapist approaches the abstract nature of the mind by focusing on the underlying mental hierarchy. That being, Cognition, Emotion, Behaviour, in order to treat symptomatic issues, the therapist using this approach must deal with the thought processes that create these symptoms.The most important lesson that I have learned is that, while the mind is an abstract construct and is quite ambitious to quantify, quantifiable information about physical constructs such as the brain and general human biology and chemistry and its influences informs the understanding of the human mind. 11 Shane Galvin-061 AT-Applied Psychology Bibliography Baddely, A. & Hitch, G. , 1974. Working Memory. In G. Bower, ed. The Psychology of Learning and indigence Advances in Research and Theory. New York Academic Press, pp. 47-89.Gerrig, R. J. & Zimbardo. , &. P. G. , 2002. Glossary. Online Available at http//www. apa. org/research/action/glossary. aspx Accessed 14 November 2012. Gross, R. , 2010. Psychology The Science of Mind and Behaviour. 6th ed. London HodderArnold. McLeod, S. , 2007. Atkinson and Shiffrin Multi Store Model of Memory.. Online Available at http//www. simplypsychology. org/multi-store. hypertext mark-up language Acce ssed 16 November 2012. McLeod, S. , 2007. http//www. simplypsychology. org/cognitive. html. Online Available at fromhttp//www. implypsychology. org/cognitive-therapy. html Accessed 10 November 2012. McLeod, S. , 2008. Simply Psychology, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Online Available at http//www. simplypsychology. org/cognitive-therapy. html Accessed 12 November 2012. Neisser, U. , 1967. Cognitive Psychology. New York Appleton-Century-Crofts. Solso, R. L. , Maclin, O. H. & Maclin, M. K. , 2008. Cognitive Psychology. 8th ed. Boston Pearson. Tulving, E. & Schacter, D. L. , 1990. Priming and Human Memory Systems. Science, al-Quran 247, pp. 301-306. 12

Thank You for Smoking

Ethical issues brought up in the moving-picture show, Thank You for ingest When break away Naylor appears on the talk show on side with the cancer patient and he basic eithery turns the situation most so that the tabocco indus set nigh isnt to blame for the young boy being diagonosed with cancer from smoking, and in point by people dying(p) from using their product the industry wouldnt be making whatsoever profit.The mod squad, which stands for merchants of death, in the movie, all the people who argon a part of this group are well aware that the products that they apportion and promote are generally appealing to the younger generation that contributes to hundreds and thousands of deaths a year, yet they continue to digest them. In one scene Naylor is helping his son do homework, he teaches his son ab step to the fore how to deliberate roughthing he is writing about. Naylor says , thats the beauty of arguement, because if you argue correctly youre never wrong.This is direction his son that no matter what he side he decides to be on, if he keeps on argueing and finds some us adapted facts to support his arguement he leave alone always be regenerate. Naylor doesnt address the issues head on necessarily, in fact the way he approaches how to argue that tobacco is acerbate and that you shouldnt smoke it etc, is he simply just goes with his theory of every individuals has the right to choose what they what to do, or listen too.When a outgrowth of the mod squad is visiting Nick in the hospital subsequently he nearly died of a nicotine over dose, he places a gun on the table right in front of Joey, Nicks son. Immediatly Joey is intrigued with the weapon, thence retracts his actions and says, gunsshould be treated with respect. The other appendage swats his hand away, and is clearly sozzled by his behaviour which then makes me imply of them as hypocrits. The captain sends a briefcase full of capital to Naylors hotel when he is in California and tells him that he must visit Marlboro Man, Lorne Lutchwho has been diagnosed with Cancer.Naylor is to try and bribe Lutch into accepting the funds in exchange for silence, and to retract all his previous comments towards the tobacco industry. In this scene Naylor is very good at convincing the Marlboro Man into victorious the money, simply because he uses his surmount tactics of negotiation to lure him into thinking that by taking the money he might recover better about himself in the sense that now he has money to perhaps be able to pay medical bills to help him prolong his life. Give him the right reatment and he might just turn on the cancer. cordial Responsibility in Thank You for Smoking I think that the part when Senator Finistirre is doing his speech about putting the poison logo on every rear end big bucks is an example of friendly responsibility. Because as the Senator of Vermont, he is standing up against the tobacco industry and educating the younger generation as well as the older, of how harmful it is. Society as a whole will ultimately embrace this campaign and find out how to educate others of tobacco use.In 1952, Readers digest slammed the tobacco industry by stating that it had some health risks associated with smoking. This then lead to the invention of filters in cigarettes and thus resulted in more people buying the product. This is an example of social responsibility because when there were public outcrys of how unhealthy it was smoking the cigarettes (back in the 50s) the tobacco industry improvised and came out with a solution to pass the amount of chemicals being inhaled.Speaking to the press, Naylor swears he will clear the name calling of those mentioned in the Heather Holloways recent article, where she bashes Naylor as well as the Mod squad. (? ) Ethics and Social Responsibility Tana In the movie Thank You for Smoking, there are quite a few examples where you will find how ethics and social responsibility is exercised, and not always in a positive way. The of import character Nick Naylor, is a lobbyist who works for a Tobacco Company. Naylor is a smooth talker who knavishly turns the words around in a conversation and turns it on the people who are against him.Thank You for SmokingEthical issues brought up in the movie, Thank You for Smoking When Nick Naylor appears on the talk show along side with the cancer patient and he basically turns the situation around so that the tabocco industry isnt to blame for the young boy being diagonosed with cancer from smoking, and in fact by people dying from using their product the industry wouldnt be making any profit.The mod squad, which stands for merchants of death, in the movie, all the people who are a part of this group are well aware that the products that they sell and promote are generally appealing to the younger generation that contributes to hundreds and thousands of deaths a year, yet they continue to defend them. In one scene Naylor is helpin g his son do homework, he teaches his son about how to argue something he is writing about. Naylor says , thats the beauty of arguement, because if you argue correctly youre never wrong.This is teaching his son that no matter what he side he decides to be on, if he keeps on argueing and finds some usable facts to support his arguement he will always be right. Naylor doesnt address the issues head on necessarily, in fact the way he approaches how to argue that tobacco is poison and that you shouldnt smoke it etc, is he simply just goes with his theory of every individuals has the right to choose what they what to do, or listen too.When a member of the mod squad is visiting Nick in the hospital after he nearly died of a nicotine over dose, he places a gun on the table right in front of Joey, Nicks son. Immediatly Joey is intrigued with the weapon, then retracts his actions and says, gunsshould be treated with respect. The other member swats his hand away, and is clearly annoyed by hi s behaviour which then makes me think of them as hypocrits. The captain sends a briefcase full of money to Naylors hotel when he is in California and tells him that he must visit Marlboro Man, Lorne Lutchwho has been diagnosed with Cancer.Naylor is to try and bribe Lutch into accepting the money in exchange for silence, and to retract all his previous comments towards the tobacco industry. In this scene Naylor is very good at convincing the Marlboro Man into taking the money, simply because he uses his best tactics of negotiation to lure him into thinking that by taking the money he might feel better about himself in the sense that now he has money to perhaps be able to pay medical bills to help him prolong his life. Give him the right reatment and he might just fight the cancer. Social Responsibility in Thank You for Smoking I think that the part when Senator Finistirre is doing his speech about putting the poison logo on every cigarette package is an example of social responsibili ty. Because as the Senator of Vermont, he is standing up against the tobacco industry and educating the younger generation as well as the older, of how harmful it is. Society as a whole will eventually embrace this campaign and learn how to educate others of tobacco use.In 1952, Readers digest slammed the tobacco industry by stating that it had some health risks associated with smoking. This then lead to the invention of filters in cigarettes and thus resulted in more people buying the product. This is an example of social responsibility because when there were public outcrys of how unhealthy it was smoking the cigarettes (back in the 50s) the tobacco industry improvised and came out with a solution to diminish the amount of chemicals being inhaled.Speaking to the press, Naylor swears he will clear the names of those mentioned in the Heather Holloways recent article, where she bashes Naylor as well as the Mod squad. (? ) Ethics and Social Responsibility Tana In the movie Thank You for Smoking, there are quite a few examples where you will find how ethics and social responsibility is exercised, and not always in a positive way. The main character Nick Naylor, is a lobbyist who works for a Tobacco Company. Naylor is a smooth talker who slyly turns the words around in a conversation and turns it on the people who are against him.

Manage Resistance to Change Proactively Essay

Register for this journal is available at http//www. emeraldinsight. com/researchregister The ongoing issue and full text archive of this journal is available at http//www. emeraldinsight. com/0262-1711. htm Managing smorgasbord using a strategic think budge approach Earnest Friday Management in the College of Business Administration, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, regular army, and Managing innovation 863 Received October 2002 Revised February 2003 Accepted February 2003 Shawnta S. FridaySchool of Business and Industry at Florida A&M University, T every(prenominal)ahassee, Florida, USA Keywords Diversity get byment, Strategic fill outment, Change prudence Abstract Many physical compositions put up employ various fictional charactercasts of initiatives inside the last few decades in an effort to deal with mixture. A possible missing vinculum (link) in the midst of how an arrangement deals with assortment and its impact on the bottom linage is a m erged novelty dodging that is executed using a be after inter flip approach to systemic on the wholey manage multifariousness.While many a nonher(prenominal) governings have implemented a bodied vicissitude dodge, most have non expenditured a plotted salmagundi- bodied variety schema. The overlook of a aforethought(ip) convince- somatic form strategy is quite possible to inhibit managing re sassying from becoming systemic to an presidential terms culture and its way of doing business, thus prevailing to dis leave behind the potential bene? ts of salmagundi to be maximized.Hence, this paper offers a frame devise for using a plan salmagundi-corporate form strategy to progress on the sort continuum starting with acknowledging to valuing, and ultimately to managing multifariousness and systemic everyy managing diversity using a octet- quantity managing diversity figure out. invention Over the past few decades, academicians, practitioners and system of rulesal researchers have recognized that diversity is a phenomenon that has a dewy-eyed array of affects inside the workplace, and society in general (Koonce, 2001 Stark, 2001 Williams and OReilly, 1997).In this paper, diversity refers to any designate that happens to be salient to an private that leads him/her perceive that he/she is incompatible from a nonher individual (Williams and OReilly, 1997). both(prenominal) widely accepted differentiating attributes include racioethnicity (which encompasses race and ethnicity), gender, nationality, religion, functional expertise, and age. Even though racioethnic and gender diversity operate to receive the majority of the attention in the memorial tabletal diversity literature (Stark, 2001 Williams and OReilly, 1997), this de? ition allows for the frameworks offered to be employ to any type of ecesisal diversity salient to members. Diversity programs have been implemented in many multinational plaques, primarily, in an effort t o improve working relationships Journal of Management Development Vol. 22 zero(prenominal) 10, 2003 pp. 863-880 q MCB UP Limited 0262-1711 DOI 10. 1108/02621710310505467 JMD 22,10 864 between white males, whose relative poem continue to decrease, and demographically different individuals, whose numbers continue to increase in the workplace (Friedman and DiTomaso, 1996).While many multinational organizations have a corporate diversity strategy, most have non implemented it using the suggested planned transposed approach posited in this paper. presumptuousness the intensifying war for talent in todays competitive, spherical business environment, it is imperative that the action and evaluation of a corporate diversity strategy use a planned changed approach to non only agnize and value diversity, but to also systemically manage and inculcate diversity into an organizations corporate culture.This type of approach drive out contribute immensely to an organizations ability to u se all of its human capital as a strategic means to gain and maintain a competitive advantage in todays dynamic, ball-shaped marketplace (Richard, 2000). It has been purported that if diversity can be in effect managed in an organization, some potential bene? ts to the organization include owing(p)er creativity and innovation, and improved decision-making (Cox, 1991).Conversely, if diversity is not managed efficaciously, some potential major costs to the organization include, at a minimum, breakdowns in communication, kind con? ict, and higher turnover (Cox, 1991). While at that place whitethorn not be much confirmable evidence to substantiate claims that effectively managed diversity directly leads to bottomline increases (Chatman et al. , 1998 Richard, 2000 Stark, 2001), thither is real-world evidence (e. g.Coca-Cola, Dennys, Publix, and Texaco clubtlements) to suggest that not effectively managing gender and racioethnic diversity has been, and can be, detrimental to organ izations and their bottomlines. Thus, it is a logical extrapolation that an organizations ability or inability to stool a culture in which diversity is systemically acknowledged, valued, and effectively managed is to a greater extent apt(predicate) to attend the affects diversity get out have on its bottomline.Many organizations have implemented various diversity initiatives as a part of their corporate diversity strategy (Koonce, 2001), but most have not used a planned change approach to strategically align their initiatives with their long-term objectives and strategic lay. It is highly probable that this overleap of planned strategic alignment contributes immensely to the purported ineffectiveness of many diversity initiatives (Stark, 2001). Consequently, an organization that seeks to maximize the potential bene? s of diversity should devise a planned change-corporate diversity strategy preliminary to implementing diversity initiatives. The purpose of the planned change-co rporate diversity strategy is to align the organizations diversity initiatives (designed to manage diversity) with the organizations strategic goals, and ultimately make managing diversity an integral part of the organizations culture. An aligned planned change-corporate diversity strategy will contribute immensely to the long-term effectiveness of diversity initiatives aimed at better managing all of he organizations human resources. This is especially signi? cant for organizations with a highly diversi? ed workforce. With a planned change-corporate diversity strategy, diversity initiatives argon aligned with organizational policies, procedures, and systems. such(prenominal) alignment is desired to systemically reinforce an organizational culture that encourages the effective management of all employees in differentiate to garner diversitys purported bene? ts, including the end goal of increasing the bottomline.Thus, frameworks argon presented for using a planned change-corporate diversity strategy to advance from the initial passive invokes of acknowledging and valuing diversity to the ? nal active state of managing diversity on the diversity continuum and systemically manage diversity using the speci? c eight- ill-treat managing diversity physical work on. The diversity continuum and the planned change approach Valuing diversity and managing diversity as distinct phenomena Over the last few decades, a non-finite of articles have been written on the subjects of valuing diversity and managing diversity (Wanguri, 1996).In some cases, valuing diversity and managing diversity have been considered, and some eras used, interchangeable when, in fact, they atomic number 18 2 different phenomena (Jenner, 1994). By the very nature of their de? nitions, valuing and managing diversity atomic number 18 distinctly different. Valuing refers to the relative worth, importance, or signi? cance of something, whereas managing refers to taking charge or coordinating and supervising situations. stipulation these de? nitions, valuing diversity should be considered a more passive phenomenon, where importance or signi? ance is given to individuals differences, which does not automatically lead to visible actions or reactions on the part of the individuals valuing the diversity or differences. Managing diversity, on the opposite hand, should be considered an active phenomenon, which involves supervising or coordinating and directing the diversity or differences individuals bring to the organization to plug the organizations strategic goals atomic number 18 being fully and effectively met. In other words, it refers to fortunately organizing the organizational inputs of individuals with respective(a) endorsegrounds.This de? nition is consistent with the managing diversity de? nition given by Thomas (1991) a way of cerebration toward the objective of creating an environment that will s remuneration all employees to reach their full potential in pursual of organizational objectives. The diversity continuum As a result of the confusion in the literature between the two phenomena, valuing diversity and managing diversity, it is not dif? cult to understand why consensus does not exist on the claims of bottomline bene? s as a result of the attempts organizations have made to value and/or manage diversity. In addition to the confusion, lack of consensus could also be a function of the Managing diversity 865 JMD 22,10 866 complexity of the diversity concept in the organizational context. Given the complexity of diversity within an organizational setting, it is possible that perceiving it in terms of a set of three elements that delineates what to do with diversity may wait on to simplify or clarify the confusion in the diversity literature.Therefore, a diversity continuum is offered to guide researchers and practitioners in pitiful from the more passive states of acknowledging diversity and valuing diversity, on with to the mo re active state of managing diversity. As individuals ? nd themselves in situations with assorted individuals, they argon likely to progress to one of two courses of action avoid dealing with the diversity, or recognize that the diversity exists. In the case where individuals avoid diversity, they do not face the fact that diversity is an issue.It is likely that these individuals do not accept the idea that they argon likely to be biased in their interactions with others that they perceive to be different from themselves. Although avoiding diversity is viewed as a possible response to diversity, it is not included in the diversity continuum. The diversity continuum is based on the assumption that individuals prep are the second course of action and recognize diversity. Once diversity is recognized, as forwardly stated, the diversity continuum serves as a framework to delineate the three potential states of dealing with diversity acknowledging, valuing, and managing diversit y.The three sequential fixingss of the diversity continuum are acknowledging diversity valuing diversity and managing diversity (see Figure 1). Acknowledging diversity, the ? rst component, refers to recognizing the globe of diversity or the individual differences individuals bring with them to a particular setting. In order for individuals to truly acknowledge diversity, they moldinessiness be exposed to it, experience it, acquire knowledge about it, and they must develop an discernment of diversity. The second component of the diversity continuum is valuing diversity. Valuing diversity, as de? ed above, refers to the signi? cance or importance being given to the diversity or differences individuals bring with them to a particular setting. Having an appreciation for, as well as respect for, the differences that versatile individuals bring with them to the work setting can lead to the last component. The last component of the diversity continuum is managing diversity. As state d above, managing diversity refers to the planning, organizing, leading of individuals with differences or diversity in a particular setting, such that their inputs are used to accomplish the organizations strategic goals.Even in racioethnically homogeneous organizational settings, organizations make large investments to ensure an separate organizational culture is fostered. An appropriate organizational culture is desirous, such that individuals are systemically managed to perform and accomplish its goals, not just hoping that their performance will somehow lead to the accomplishment of the organizations desired goals. Thus, similar systemic efforts are incumbent in order to manage Managing diversity 867 Figure 1. The strategic management cognitive operation emographically several(a) individuals such that the organization can gain the maximum synergistic bene? ts from their contributions as well. The planned change approach Rather than being reactive and waiting for a diversity crisis to take place before a change is made (i. e. Coca-Cola, Dennys, Publix, and Texaco settlements), an organization should be proactive in systemically Managing Diversity. Hence, an organization and its members should make the necessary changes to proactively move from just settling for the ? rst stage of acknowledging diversity to the ? al stage of managing diversity. The Lewin-Schein change place is offered as the theoretical framework to proactively and systemically avail the management of diversity in organizations. This planned change model is based on the premise that the organizational forces propelling change must subdue the forces resisting change for highly effective change to occur. Therefore, it is posited in this paper that the Lewin-Schein change model is a framework that can assist organizations and individuals in pitiable with the sequential elements of the diversity continuum.It is also posited that this model can be applicable at JMD 22,10 868 both the org anizational and individual take aim for managing diversity. While Allen and Montgomery (2001) offered the Lewin-Schein change model as a framework for creating diversity, the model is offered in this paper as a framework for Managing Diversity. The Lewin-Schein change model involves three stages unfreezing, change (moving), and refreezing (Lewin, 1951 Schein, 1992). For the organization or individual to experience successful change, the three stages call for to be addressed in succession.Unfreezing using a planned change-corporate diversity strategy In the unfreezing stage, the organizations or individuals present culture (which includes perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors) toward diversity, unavoidably to be unfrozen. This means there needs to be enough motivation within the organization or individual to want to change from its present state to the freshly desired state. Thus, in moving from one end of the diversity continuum to the other end, with managing diversity being th e desired outcome, management must desire that its members move from just acknowledging and valuing diversity to managing diversity.As presented previously, managing diversity refers to systemically organizing and directing the inputs of all organizational members (including various(a) individuals) to ensure the organizations strategic goals are met. Likewise, the individual must want to move from just acknowledging and/or valuing diversity to the ? nal phase of managing diversity. At the individual aim, this movement involves governing ones actions toward diverse individuals in a way that allows for healthy, productive interaction with those diverse others.Therefore, to unfreeze the organizations culture and its members current state of mind toward diversity, a planned change-corporate diversity strategy should be devised and aligned with the organizations strategic positioning to reduce the forces that are striving to maintain the status quo (Dobbs, 1998). A ? rms strategic posi tioning The strategic management process is employed by many organizations in order to distinguish themselves from their competitors in the marketplace (David, 2001 Porter, 1985 Steiner, 1997). Although there are several schools of thought in the strategic management ? ld, the generally accepted components of the strategic management process are strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and strategy evaluation as explained in Figure 2 (David, 2001 pitchers mound and Jones, 1998). Strategy formulation is comprised of ontogenesis or reviewing the organizations mission, vision, and long-term goals conducting internal and external assessments to site the organizations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) setting selection criteria and selecting the strategies that will afford the organization the best strategic positioning relative to its competitors (David, 2001 Steiner, 1997).Strategy implementation entails allocating the appropriate resources to ensure the M anaging diversity 869 Figure 2. The three levels of organizational strategy selected strategies are properly executed (David, 2001 Steiner, 1997). Strategy evaluation involves setting control processes to continuously review, evaluate, and provide feedback concerning the implemented strategies to determine if the desired results are being carry through, such that corrective measures may be taken if warranted (Hill and Jones, 1998 Steiner, 1997). As illustrated in Figure 3, there are usually three levels of strategy associated with large-scale organizations.The corporate level strategy de? nes the organizations purpose and the lines of businesses in which it plans to operate, thereby providing the overarching direction for the organization. If an organization only operates in one line of business, its corporate level strategy and business level strategy are effectively one in the same (David, 2001 Hill and Jones, 1998). A business level strategy is the blueprint that should enable a n organization to leverage its resources in order to differentiate itself from the competition within a particular line of business (David, 2001 Hill and Jones, 1998).The functional-level strategies serve to support the organizations business-level strategy by providing direction for the appropriate short-term activities requisite by each functional area to meet the goals established in the business-level strategy (David, 2001 Hill and Jones, 1998). Consequently, having properly aligned corporate, business, and functional level strategies aid an organization in its efforts to accomplish its goals, thereby strategically positioning itself to successfully compete within the marketplace (David, 2001 Hill and Jones, 1998 Porter, 1985).Combining highly severalise and ef? cient human capital with clearly delineated corporate, business, and functional level strategies can prove to be a competitive advantage for an organization (Barney, 1991, 1997 Wright et al. , 1995). An organization mu st view strategies for develop and managing its employees JMD 22,10 870 Figure 3. Alignment between corporate strategy and planned change-corporate diversity strategy as a part of its overarching corporate level strategy if it desires to have highly differentiated and ef? ient human capital in todays competitive, global environment. Therefore, one argument of this paper is that any organization seeking to realize the maximum bene? t from having a diversi? ed workforce should have a planned change-corporate diversity strategy that is aligned with the organizations boilersuit strategic positioning. Developing a planned change-corporate diversity strategy The organization wishing to create an environment that enables all employees to reach their full potential will have to . . . change organizational practices as necessary (Thomas, 1991).However, prior to changing any organizational practice, a comprehensive strategy for how to accomplish that change should be devised based on an in-d epth understanding of relevant organizational dynamics (i. e. culture, structure, ? nancial position, strategic initiatives, etc). Theoretically, a strategy should precede the structure of an organization. Consequently, a planned change-corporate diversity strategy should be devised to align with the organizations corporate strategy before structuring diversity initiatives (as illustrated in Figure 4), and reinforced using a planned change approach.Organizations that have elevated their diversity strategist to executive-level management are likely to have an overarching corporate diversity strategy in place. But, it is not as likely that the diversity strategist is using a corporate-wide planned change approach to systemically reinforce the proposed changes in the corporate diversity strategy throughout all of the Managing diversity 871 Figure 4. The diversity continuum organizations policies, procedures, and systems.Regardless of whether an organization has a corporate diversity st rategy or not, it may be necessary to superimpose a planned change-corporate diversity strategy over existing disjointed diversity strategies and initiatives. At the onset of such an endeavor or superimposition, corporate diversity mission statement, vision, and goals must be formulated to articulate the purpose diversity initiatives will serve within the organization and the desired outcomes to be achieved from such initiatives. The delineated desired outcome should be designed to systemically manage diversity.Conducting internal and external assessments are essential go in devising a planned change-corporate diversity strategy. An internal assessment will allow the diversity strategist to decide how to position diversity strategies and initiatives within the organizations structure, and to align them with all of the organizations policies, procedures, and systems. To assess the external environment, the diversity strategist should use environmental scanning tools to extract best practices based on benchmarked diversity strategies and initiatives at other leading organizations.Through the internal assessment, the diversity strategist should depart intimately familiar with the organizations values, vision, mission, strategies, goals, and initiatives, all of which constitute a sound basis for understanding the organizations culture, policies, procedures, systems, and overall strategic positioning. The diversity strategist must turn equally familiar with the bene? ts and shortfalls of various diversity initiatives.The strategist must conduct an analysis to determine the most appropriate linkages between the organizations overall strategic positioning, policies, procedures, systems, and its diversity initiatives. Before proceeding, the diversity strategist must recognize and effectively articulate a clear strategic ? t and alignment amongst the organizations overall strategic positioning, policies, procedures, systems, JMD 22,10 872 and diversity. Both strate gic ? t and strategic alignment are necessary to strengthen the business case for allocating resources to support the planned change-corporate diversity strategy.In order to realize the maximum bene? ts from diversity, the planned change-corporate diversity strategy needs to be properly executed, evaluated and refrozen to ensure that the stated goals are being met, and that the organizations culture and members are moving toward and sustaining the desired state of systemically managing diversity. Moving to systemically managing diversity Once the present state is unfrozen, the move that will allow the organizations culture and members to advance to the desired state should be put in place.In this case, the move is to paganly reengineer the organization and its members to the true state of managing diversity by implementing the managing diversity process. The social reading theory (Bandura, 1977) is offered as the theoretical framework for the managing diversity process. It has als o been offered as the theoretical framework for developing formulation programs in the cross- heathenish and expatriate literature (Black and Mendenhall, 1989 Harrison, 1994). There are four major tenets of social learning theory motivation, attention, retention, and reproduction (Bandura, 1977).These tenets are re? ected in the eight steps of the managing diversity process. In an effort to truly manage diversity, a change in the attitudes and behaviors of individuals, and in organizations systemic and institutional ways of doing business is call for. Therefore, it is posited that utilizing the tenets of social learning theory can aid in the acquisition of the learning that is necessary for organizations to maximize the inputs of all of its diverse members. The planned change-corporate diversity strategy serves as the motivation for the learning of new behaviors and attitudes.Hence, once the planned change-corporate diversity strategy is articulated, the move through the eight st eps of the managing diversity process should be instituted to assist individuals and organizations in culturally reengineering and moving to the desired state of managing diversity. The eight sequential steps of the managing diversity process include (1) exposure (2) experience (3) knowledge (4) understanding (5) appreciate (6) respect (7) modify attitudes and behavior and (8) healthy interaction.All of these are undergirded by tolerance (see Figure 5). The acknowledging diversity component of the diversity continuum is composed of steps (1)-(4), and they re? ect the attention tenet of social learning theory. The valuing diversity component of the diversity continuum is comprised of steps (5) and (6), and is re? ective of the retention tenet of social learning theory. Steps (7) and (8) constitute the managing diversity component of the diversity continuum and the reproduction tenet of social learning theory.The movement through each of the eight steps requires individuals to progres sively develop appropriate skills to enable them to manage how they deal with individuals whom they consider different from themselves. Therefore, carrying out the eight steps in the managing diversity process serve as the necessary movement required to progress from acknowledging and valuing diversity to managing diversity. The true movement through the eight steps from acknowledging diversity to managing diversity is a paradigm shift, in that it entails a change in the treatment of diverse individuals (Fitzpatrick, 1997).Managing diversity 873 Diversity pedagogy In order for an organization to realize the potential bene? ts that can be afforded by employing diverse individuals, there needs to be a paradigm shift in which the inputs of diverse individuals are systemically managed within an organization to enable the successful accomplishment of its strategic goals. Training of individuals is viewed as a necessary tool to alleviate the organization in achieving its goals. Diversi ty pedagogy should be viewed no differently than any other type of rearing in which an organization invests.Therefore, it should also be viewed as a necessary tool to manage members behaviors and their ability to work productively with diverse individuals. After canvassing the literature, it has been noted that most diversity training programs merely raise individuals awareness of or sensitivity to diversity (Grubb, 1995 Jenner, 1994). Some few diversity training programs go as far as attempting to change individuals perceptions of diversity and how they communicate with people different from themselves (Grubb, 1995).However, these programs tend to be offered to only select employees, and they tend to be short in duration, ranging from a one-hour session to a series of one-day sessions several times a year (Koonce, 2001). The major drawbacks to most existing diversity training programs are that . they do not build skills to facilitate individuals ability to actually manage their i nteractions with individuals different from themselves . they are not rigorous nor time-intensive enough to create a paradigm shift in individuals treatment toward individuals different from themselves andJMD 22,10 874 Figure 5. The continuous managing diversity process . there are no stable reinforcement mechanisms engraft in the organizations culture to ensure all individuals inputs are successfully managed to met the organizations strategic goals. Managing diversity As a result, most (if not all) existing diversity programs have not been successful in creating enduring change in the way individuals interact with individuals different from themselves, nor have they been successful in changing their organizations culture to one that systemically manages diversity.In order to create enduring change in individuals and the organizations culture, members of the organization at all levels need to participate in diversity training that encapsulates the comprehensive managing diversity process. The outcomes that should be stoped from participation include, but are not limited to, skill building in the following areas the ability to clearly articulate their ideas and feelings con? ict management skills effective giving and receiving of feedback effective listening group observation skills and group decision-making skills, all of which will facilitate modi? d attitudes and behaviors, and healthy interaction with diverse individuals. Individuals have to come to grips with their feelings, thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors toward diversity and others with whom they are different. In the ? rst step of Exposure, individuals provide public notice of where they are at that point. They do this by laying open who they are divulging where they are unmasking themselves and receiving others culture. Step (2), experience, involves gathering information through personal involvement, encountering, seeing ? rst-hand, and living through events.In the third step of Knowledge, indiv iduals become well informed, thus able to be conversant because they become familiar or acquainted with the culture of others. Knowledge serves as the basis for step (4), understanding. Because of their grasp of cultural realities, individuals are able to comprehend (understanding) relevant cultural dynamics, which leads them to be sensitive, and enables them to share unique insights and perceptions. In step (5), appreciate, individuals acceptance of the worth of a persons culture and values makes it easier for them to welcome and justly calculate diverse individuals.Resultantly, individuals are able to respect (step (6)) diverse individuals thus, they are able to pay attention, pay deference, and pay tribute to the values, worth, and culture of diverse others, as well as give personal consideration to the diverse individuals. Successful movement through the ? rst six steps, along with tolerance underpinning each step, should lead to modi? cations in individuals attitudes and behav iors toward diverse individuals, which is step (7), modify attitudes and behaviors.This change in attitudes and behaviors, again, along with tolerance should lead to healthy interaction (step (8)) with and amongst diverse individuals. Step (8) is a function of continuous acceptance and execution of steps (1)-(7). Therefore, this is a ? uid (not static) process that must be recognized for its ever-changing and 875 JMD 22,10 876 evolving nature. The requirements for successful execution of the managing diversity process are strenuous and time intensive because it requires individuals to modify their attitudes and behaviors.Thus, they must modify the way they interact with individuals different from themselves, and not just expect that they either avoid, acknowledge, or value those individuals that are different. Given that all individuals in todays global business environment are likely to encounter others that are different from themselves on a habitual basis, the managing diversity process should be viewed as analogous to the open systems approach it is a continuous process that maintains a constant reciprocal relationship with the environment.Refreezing the systemic management of diversity Successful movement through the managing diversity process requires individuals to change. Resistance to change is inherent in any change process, and it will be no different in this process (Harrison, 1994). Therefore, the managing diversity process is a ? uid, continuous process that needs to be systematically reinforced and embedded in the organizations culture and individuals interactions, such that the organizations culture and its members do not revert back to just acknowledging or valuing diversity.Hence, refreezing the desired state of managing diversity requires reinforcing the new perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors with emphasis on the modi? ed behaviors and healthy interactions individuals have adopted as a result of going through the managing diversity proc ess. In order for individuals and organizations not to revert back to their previous states, the new desired state must go through the refreezing stage to be institutionalized. This should be accomplished through systemic, on-going training and daily interactions at the individual level, and through rewrite policies, procedures, and systems at the organizational level.At the individual level, the systemic, on-going training should not be just periodic training that merely exposes individuals to diversity. A great deal of time is necessary to cement these freshly adopted attitudes, behaviors, and skills for healthy interaction. This kind of cementation is required for these newly acquired attitudes, behaviors, and skills to become totally embedded in the individuals natural way of interacting with diverse individuals. The systemic, on-going training needs to be skill-based and experiential in nature to promote long-term changes in the way individuals work with individuals different from themselves.This type of reinforcement at the individual level will contribute to the cultural reengineering that also must take place at the organizational level. To reinforce the desired state of managing diversity at the organizational level, revised recruiting, appraisal, development, and reward systems, as well as an enforceable diversity policy need to be implemented (Allen and Montgomery, 2001 Hemphill and Haines, 1998 Miller, 1998). The revised policies, procedures, and recruiting, appraisal, development, and reward systems need to re? ct the organizations position on how the inputs of diverse individuals will be managed, such that their contributions fully aid the organization in meeting its strategic goals. A written, enforceable diversity policy, stating the systemic action steps and behaviors expected by all employees is a must as it relates to effectively managing the organizational inputs of all individuals. Everyones inputs should be effectively managed to contri bute to the achievement of the organizations strategic goals. The revised policies, procedures, and systems should also align with the planned change-corporate diversity strategy.Given the resources and time required to revise and commence implementation of the revised organizational policies, procedures, and systems, individuals are likely to resist these changes initially. Therefore, it is quite likely to be a dif? cult and time-consuming process to make the appropriate and necessary revisions to the organizations policies, procedures, and systems. This is an essential and critical step necessary to ensure the organization and its members do not revert back to their previous attitudinal and behavioral states.It is paramount that revised policies, procedures, systems, and planned change-corporate diversity strategy are clearly communicated to all members of the organization to ensure that it can be appropriately recognized, executed, evaluated, and reinforced. To reinforce this cu ltural reengineering effort, management needs to initiate and actively participate in the refreezing stage, the same as they must genuinely participate at the unfreezing and moving stages. Potential limitations As with any theoretical model, there are limitations.One potential limitation of this unreal model is that no matter how well it is implemented, there are likely to be some individuals whose attitudes may never change or they may continue to consciously or unconsciously show secernment toward those whom they consider to be similar to themselves (Gilbert and Ivancevich, 2000 Miller, 1998). Another potential limitation is that subtle forms of biases against diverse individuals may even exist informally within the organization and/or outside of the work environment thus, highly impacting individuals within the organization.Backlash is also a potential limitation members of the majority are likely to perceived that they are being excluded at the expense of including diverse in dividuals (Hemphill and Haines, 1998). Additionally, if the training initiated to implement the managing diversity process is perceived as a bad experience, the organizations leadership may abandon the initial implementation, hence dooming all future diversity efforts.However, by using the suggested planned change approach along with well obligate diversity policies and disciplinary procedures for violations of the diversity policy, it is more likely that individuals behaviors can be altered to be more tolerant of others whom they consider to be Managing diversity 877 JMD 22,10 different (Gilbert and Ivancevich, 2000). This will allow the talents, skills, and abilities of all individuals in the work setting to be used to meet organizational objectives.Conclusion Given that individuals are less voluntary to leave their differences outside the doors of the workplace (Thomas, 1991), an organizations ability to systemically manage diversity will become more important, in years yet to come, if it wants to ensure its ability to compete successfully in the global marketplace. This paper suggests that, ? rst, a planned change approach should be used to systemically manage diversity, by developing and implementing a planned change-corporate diversity strategy.Second, organizations should execute their cultural reengineering efforts to move individuals and the organizational culture along the diversity continuum from the states of acknowledging and valuing diversity to the desired state of managing diversity. Movement to the desired state of managing diversity can be achieved by using the managing diversity process. It is also suggested that the organization needs to provide on-going training, and needs to institute new policies and procedures.Additionally, it must engage in appropriately different recruiting, appraisal, development, and reward systems that systemically reinforce the cultural reengineering of moving to the state of managing diversity. These new undert akings will ensure that the newly reengineered culture of managing diversity is inculcated into the organizations culture, and its way of conducting business domestically and abroad. By adopting and executing the frameworks offered in this paper for ystemically managing diversity through a strategic planned change approach, managers will have created an organizational environment where they will be able to enjoy healthy, innovative, and productive interactions amongst diverse members of the organization.The following is a list of other potential bene? ts that may be derived from using the offered frameworks . in general, individuals will develop an increased knowledge of and appreciation for other cultures . individuals will learn to value and respect the cultural norms, behaviors, and attitudes of others . here is likely to be a greater receptivity to necessary organizational changes . there is likely to be a lessening of workplace anxieties . a reduction in organizational con? ict . a more pleasant work environment and . increased performance and productivity. 878 In conclusion, the proactive management of diverse human resources will aid organizations in gaining and sustaining a competitive advantage in todays dynamic global marketplace.